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| − | <languages /><br />
| + | {{HonorSubpage}} |
| − | <noinclude></noinclude>
| + | <!--{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Recreation}}--> |
| − | {{honor_desc/es | |
| − | |stage=00
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| − | |honorname=Prospección de oro
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| − | |skill=1
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| − | |year=2008
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| − | |category=Actividades recreacionales
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| − | |authority=Asociación General
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| − | |insignia=Gold_Prospecting_Honor.png
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| − | }} | |
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| − | {{Honor Master/es|honor=Prospección de oro|master=Recreación}} | |
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| − | <noinclude></noinclude>
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| | <section begin="Body" /> | | <section begin="Body" /> |
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| | {{clear}} | | {{clear}} |
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| − | ==== Discovery ====
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| − | [[Image:Skookum Jim Mason.png|thumb|left|upright|Keish (Skookum Jim Mason)]]
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| − | In August 1896, three people led by Keish (Skookum Jim Mason), a member of the Tagish First Nations, headed north, down the Yukon River from the Carcross area, looking for his sister Kate and her husband George Carmack. The party included Skookum Jim, his cousin, known as Dawson Charlie (or sometimes Tagish Charlie), and his nephew Patsy Henderson. After meeting up with George and Kate, who were fishing for salmon at the mouth of the Klondike River, they ran into Nova Scotian Robert Henderson who had been mining gold on the Indian River, just south of the Klondike. Henderson told George Carmack about where he was mining and that he did not want any "Siwashes" (meaning Indians) near him.
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| − | On August 16, 1896, the Skookum party discovered rich placer gold deposits in Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek, Yukon. It is not clear who made the actual discovery, with some accounts saying that it was Kate Carmack, while others credit Skookum Jim. George Carmack was officially credited for the gold discovery because the actual claim was staked in his name. The group agreed to this because they felt that other miners would be reluctant to recognize a claim made by an Indian, given the strong racist attitudes of the time.
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| − | ====The Rush Begins====
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| − | [[Image:Miners register claims.jpg|thumb|right|Miners wait to register their claims.
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| − | The news spread to other mining camps in the Yukon River valley. Gold was first discovered in Rabbit Creek, which was later named Bonanza Creek because so many people came to the creek for gold. The Bonanza, Eldorado, and Hunker Creeks were rapidly staked by miners who had been previously working creeks and shoal|sandbars on the Fortymile and Stewart Rivers.
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| − | News reached the United States in July 1897 at the height of a significant series of financial recessions and bank failures in the 1890s. The American economy had been hard hit by the Panic of 1893 and the Panic of 1896 which caused widespread unemployment. Many who were adversely impacted by the financial crises were motivated to try their luck in the gold fields. The first successful prospectors arrived in San Francisco, California on July 15 and in Seattle, Washington on July 17, setting off the Klondike stampede. In 1898, the population in the Klondike may have reached 40,000, which threatened to cause a famine.
| + | {{clear}} |
| − | [[Image:Klondike mining camp.jpg|thumb|left|A typical gold mining operation, on Bonanza Creek.
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| − | Men from all walks of life headed for the Yukon from as far away as New York, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Surprisingly, a large proportion were professionals, such as teachers and doctors, even a mayor or two, who gave up respectable careers to make the journey. Most were perfectly aware of their chance of finding significant amounts of gold were slim to none, and went for the adventure. As many as half of those who reached Dawson City kept right on going without doing any prospecting at all. Thus, by bringing large numbers of entrepreneurial adventurers to the region, the Gold Rush significantly contributed to the economic development of Western Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest.
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| − | Most prospectors landed at the Alaskan towns of Skagway, or Dyea, both located at the head of the Lynn Canal. From these towns they traveled the Chilkoot Trail and crossed the Chilkoot Pass, or they hiked up to the White Pass into and proceeded thence to Lake Lindeman or Bennett Lake, the headwaters of the Yukon River. Here, some {{units|25 to 35 miles|40 to 56 km}} grueling miles from where they landed, prospectors built rafts and boats that would take them the final 500-plus miles (800-plus km) down the Yukon to Dawson City, near the gold fields. Stampeders had to carry a year's supply of goods — about a ton, more than half of it food — over the passes to be allowed to enter Canada. At the top of the passes, the stampeders encountered Canada's Royal Canadian Mounted Police|North West Mounted Police (NWMP and now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) post that enforced that regulation, as well as customs and duties. It was put in place to avert shortages like those that had occurred in the previous two winters in Dawson City, and also to restrict the entry of guns, particularly handguns, into British territory. Another reason was to keep out of Canadian territory the criminal element which had established itself in Skagway and the other Yukon Ports (then still claimed as British territory), as well as the fears by British and Canadian authorities about a possible armed takeover of the goldfields as an American territory.
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| − | Once the bulk of the prospectors arrived at Dawson City, most of the major mining claims of the region were already established. However, any major potential unrest with the idle population was averted with the firm authority of the NWMP under the command of Sam Steele. People would eat beans and bread, but rarely a lucky prospector could get his hands on some fresh meat.
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| − | ===Witwatersrand Gold Rush===
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| − | The '''Witwatersrand Gold Rush''' was a gold rush in 1886 that led to the establishment of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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| − | There had always been rumours of a modern-day "El Dorado" in the folklore of the native tribes that roamed the plains of the South African highveld, and the gold miners that had come from all over the world to seek out their fortunes on the alluvial mines of Barberton and Pilgrim's Rest, in what is now known as the province of Mpumalanga.
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| − | But it was not until 1886 that the massive wealth of the Witwatersrand would be uncovered. Scientific studies have pointed to the fact that the "Golden Arc" which stretches from Johannesburg to Welkom was once a massive inland lake, and that silt and gold deposits from alluvial gold settled in the area to form the gold-rich deposits that South Africa is famous for.
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| − | ====Discovery====
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| − | [[Image:langlaagte.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The farm where gold was first discovered in 1886.]]
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| − | It is believed that it was a Sunday in March 1886 that an Australian gold miner, George Harrison, stumbled across a rocky outcrop of the main gold-bearing reef. He declared his claim with the then-government of the Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek (ZAR), and the area was pronounced open diggings. His discovery is recorded in history with a monument where the original gold outcrop is believed to be located, and a park named in his honour. Ironically, Harrison is believed to have sold his claim for less than 10 Pounds before leaving the area, and he was never heard from again.
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| − | ====Founding of Johannesburg====
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| − | It did not take long for fortune-seekers from all over the world to flock to the area, and soon what was a dusty mining village known as Ferreira's Camp was formalised into a settlement. Initially, the ZAR did not believe that the gold would last for long, and mapped out a small triangular piece of land to cram as many plots onto as possible. This is the reason why Johannesburg's central business district streets are so narrow.
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| − | Within 10 years, the town was already the largest in South Africa, outstripping the growth of Cape Town, which was more than 200 years older. The gold rush saw massive development of Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand, and the area remains the prime metropolitan area of South Africa.
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| − | ====Second Boer War====
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| − | The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a major contributing factor of the failed Jameson Raid of 1895 to 1896, and of the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899. Boer resentment over the large number of foreigners (Uitlanders) in the Witwatersrand led to heavy taxes and the denial of voting rights for the gold miners, and in response the uitlanders and the British owners of the mines began to pressure the overthrow of the Boer government.
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| − | ===Victorian Gold Rush===
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| − | The '''Victorian gold rush''' was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s. In 10 years the Australian population nearly tripled.
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| − | ==== Overview ====
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| − | During this era Victoria dominated the world's gold output. Ballarat for a while ranked number one in terms of gold production.
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| − | Gold discoveries in Beechworth, Ballarat and Bendigo sparked gold rushes similar to the California Gold Rush. At its peak some two tonnes of gold per week flowed into the Treasury Building in Melbourne.
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| − | The gold era changed Victoria from a sheep grazing economy based around squatters, into an emerging industrial base and small (yeoman) farming community. The social impact of gold was that Victoria's population boomed and the lack of available land for small farming generated massive social tensions. Those on-going tensions around land and selection (small farming) culminated in the Kelly Outbreak of 1878.
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| − | Melbourne was a major Boomtown during the gold rush. The city became the centre of the colony with rail networks radiating to the regional towns and ports. Politically, Victoria's goldminers introduced male franchise and secret ballots, based on Chartist principles. As gold dwindled, pressures for land reform, protectionism and political reform grew and generated social struggles. A Land Convention in Melbourne during 1857 demanded land reform. Melbourne, or "Smellbourne" (due to the stench of the tanneries along the river), became one of the great cities of the British Empire and the world. Following the huge gold rushes were the Chinese in 1854. Their presence on the goldfields of Bendigo, Beechworth and the Bright district resulted in riots, entry taxes, killings and segregation in the short term and became the foundations of the White Australia policy. In short, the gold rush was a revolutionary event and reshaped Victoria, its society and politics.
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| − | ==== Backfiring Guns ====
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| − | [[Image:Walhalla 1910 Goldmine 4000ft.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Underground mining at Walhalla, Victoria]]
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| − | By 1840 the city of Melbourne, in the south of Victoria, was nearly five years old. Population growth in Melbourne and the surrounding countryside had been steady, and the population was around 10,000.
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| − | In July 1851, Melbourne's 29,000 residents celebrated as they broke away from New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria was born. Weeks later gold was found in Victoria. The discovery by Louis Michel, and William McKay Aberdeen at Anderson's Creek, near Warrandyte 30 kilometers north-east of Melbourne was awarded a prize by the new Victorian Government, with other discoveries by James Esmond at Clunes in July 1851, and Thomas Hiscock at Buninyong, near Ballarat, on 2 August 1851.
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| − | On 20 July 1851 Thomas Peters, a hut-keeper on William Barker’s ''Mount Alexander'' station, found specks of gold at what is now known as Specimen Gully. This find was published in the Melbourne ''Argus'' on 8 September 1851, leading to a rush to the Mount Alexander or Forest Creek diggings, centered on present-day Castlemaine, claimed as the richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world.
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| − | These discoveries were soon surpassed by Ballarat and Bendigo. Further discoveries including Beechworth in 1852, Bright, Omeo, Chiltern, Victoria (1858–59) and Walhalla followed.
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| − | {| class="pretty table" style="float:right" | + | {{clear}} |
| − | !colspan=2|Population of Melbourne<br> (excluding Aboriginal Population)
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| − | |-
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| − | !valign="bottom"|Year
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| − | !align="right"|Population
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| − | |-
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| − | |1835
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| − | |align="right"|0
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| − | |-
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| − | |1840
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| − | |align="right"|10,000
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| − | |-
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| − | |1851
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| − | |align="right"|29,000
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| − | |-
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| − | |1854
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| − | |align="right"|123,000
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| − | |}
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| − | The population of Melbourne grew swiftly as the gold fever took hold. The total number of people in Victoria also rose. By 1851 it was 75,000 people. Ten years later this rose to over 500,000.
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| − | First obtained was the alluvial gold found on the surface. It is reported that miners when first arrived on the Mount Tarrengower fields nuggets were picked up without digging. This was followed by exploitation of alluvial gold usually in creeks and rivers. The seekers used gold pans, puddling boxes and cradles to separate this gold from the dirt and water.
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| − | As alluvial gold ran out, underground or deep lead mining began. This was harder and dangerous. Locales such as Bendigo and Ballarat saw great concentrations of miners as teams and syndicates sank shafts. Coupled with erratic and vexatious policing and license checks, tensions flared around Beechworth Bendigo and Ballarat. These tensions culminated in the Eureka Rebellion of 1854. Following the rebellion, a range of reforms gave miners a greater democratic say in resolving disputes via Mining Courts and an extended electoral franchise.
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| − | At Walhalla alone, Cohens Reef produced over 50 tonnes (1.6 million tr oz) of gold in 40 years of mining.
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| − | ==== Major and long lasting impact ====
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| − | Australia's population changed dramatically as a result of the rushes. In 1851 the Australian population was 437,655, of which 77,345, or just under 18%, were Victorians. A decade later the Australian population had grown to 1,151,947 and the Victorian population had increased to 538,628; just under 47% of the Australian total and a sevenfold increase. In some small country towns where gold was found abundant, the population could grow of over 1000% in a decade (e.g. Rutherglen had a population of ~2'000. Ten years later, it had ~60'000 which is a 3000% increase). The rapid growth was predominantly a result of the gold rushes.
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| − | The gold rush is reflected in the architecture of Victorian gold-boom cities like Melbourne, Castlemaine, Ballarat, Bendigo and Ararat. Ballarat has Sovereign Hill — a 60 acre (240,000 m²) recreation of a gold rush town — as well as the Gold Museum, while Bendigo has a large operating gold mine system which also functions as a tourist attraction.
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| − | The rushes left the legacy of quaint Victorian towns in the Goldfields tourist region like Maldon, Beechworth, Clunes, Heathcote, Victoria, Maryborough, Daylesford, Stawell, Beaufort, Creswick, St Arnaud, Dunolly, Inglewood and Buninyong. With the exception of Ballarat and Bendigo, many of these towns were substantially larger than they are today. Most populations moved to other districts when gold played out in a given locality.
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| − | At the other end of the spectrum ghost towns, such as Walhalla, Mafeking and Steiglitz still exist.
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| − | [[Image:Cassilis historical area.jpg|thumb|right|As with many gold towns, after deposits of gold had been exploited, the town of Cassilis ceased to exist. This picture shows the remains of part of King Cassilis Mine]]
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| − | The last major gold rush in Victoria was at Berringa, south of Ballarat, in the first decade of the 20th century. Gold mining ceased in Victoria, not because there was no more gold but in part because of the depth and cost of pumping. The First World War also drained Australia of the labour needed to work the mines, but worse the prohibition on the export of gold from Australia in 1915, the abolition of the gold standard throughout the Empire, saw many goldtowns in Victoria die. The slump in gold production never recovered. However, as of 2005 the recent increase in the gold price has seen a resurgence in commercial mining activity; mining has yet to be resumed in Bendigo, while some is occurring in Ballarat, and exploration proceeds elsewhere, for example, in Glen Wills, an isolated mountain area near Mitta Mitta in north-eastern Victoria.
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| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6}} |
| | <noinclude></noinclude> | | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | <!-- 6. Learn about gold panning by doing one of the following: --> | + | <!-- 6. Aprender acerca del lavado del oro haciendo una de las siguientes actividades: --> |
| | <noinclude></noinclude> | | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6a}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6a}} |
| − | <noinclude></noinclude> | + | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | Most states in the U.S. have areas where gold can be located. The best way to meet this requirement is to go to an area and actually dig up the material and pan it there. It would be best for the instructor to scout the area first and find a location where there is at least some gold available, ideally there should be at least a few flakes or specs of gold in each pan.
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| − | Another way to meet this requirement is for the instructor to get some gold bearing material and then have the students pan it in some type of trough, the plastic pans available at your local hardware store for mixing mortar work well. You can also build a panning trough out of 2x10 lumber with a thin plywood bottom and line it with plastic.
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| − | You can also purchase black sand concentrates from various locations on the Internet. These can be mixed with sand and gravel from a local river or stream bank and then used for panning. When panning don’t fill the pan completely full. It is easier, especially for beginners to start with a pan that is 1/2 to 3/4 full. You may also want to drop a small lead weight like a fishing weight into the pan. If the lead is still in the pan when the pan is down to just black sands then you can be sure that the gold is still there also.
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| | <noinclude></noinclude> | | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 6a --> | | {{CloseReq}} <!-- 6a --> |
| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6b}} <!--T:49--> | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=6b}} <!--T:49--> |
| | <noinclude></noinclude> | | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | Get some sand and gravel, from a river or stream bank if possible, and mix in a specific number of flattened lead or tungsten shot. Tungsten shot would be the best choice for two reasons if you can find it. First unlike lead, tungsten is non toxic, and second, while lead at 11.3 is only about half the specific gravity of gold, tungsten is almost identical at 19.62.
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| | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=7}} | | {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=7}} |
| | <noinclude></noinclude> | | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | <!-- 7. Look up the following verses in the Bible and discuss them in relation to prospecting for gold. --> | + | <!-- 7. Encontrar los siguientes versículos de la Biblia y discutirlos en relación con la búsqueda de oro. --> |
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| | <noinclude></noinclude> | | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| | {{Bible verse | | {{Bible verse |
| − | | book = Matthew | + | | book = Mateo |
| | | chapter = 13 | | | chapter = 13 |
| | | verse = 44-46 | | | verse = 44-46 |
| | | text = | | | text = |
| − | <sup>44</sup>The kingdom of heaven is like treasure hidden in a field, which someone found and hid; then in his joy he goes and sells all that he has and buys that field. <sup>45</sup>Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant in search of fine pearls; <sup>46</sup>on finding one pearl of great value, he went and sold all that he had and bought it. | + | <sup>44</sup>»Además el reino de los cielos es semejante a un tesoro escondido en un campo, el cual un hombre halla y lo esconde de nuevo; y gozoso por ello va y vende todo lo que tiene y compra aquel campo. |
| | + | La perla preciosa |
| | + | <sup>45</sup>»También el reino de los cielos es semejante a un comerciante que busca buenas perlas, <sup>46</sup> y al hallar una perla preciosa, fue y vendió todo lo que tenía y la compró. |
| | }} | | }} |
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| − | This verse suggests that it is perfectly acceptable to prospect for high value items. God wants us to be financially successful. The kingdom of heaven, like high value treasure, is worth having.
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| | {{Bible verse | | {{Bible verse |
| − | | book = Matthew | + | | book = Mateo |
| | | chapter = 6 | | | chapter = 6 |
| | | verse = 19-21 | | | verse = 19-21 |
| | | text = | | | text = |
| − | <sup>19</sup>Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal. <sup>20</sup>But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal. <sup>21</sup>For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. | + | <sup>19</sup>»No os hagáis tesoros en la tierra, donde la polilla y el moho destruyen, y donde ladrones entran y hurtan; <sup>20</sup> sino haceos tesoros en el cielo, donde ni la polilla ni el moho destruyen, y donde ladrones no entran ni hurtan, <sup>21</sup> porque donde esté vuestro tesoro, allí estará también vuestro corazón. |
| | }} | | }} |
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| − | Here Jesus covers the flip side of earthly treasure. Putting earthly wealth ahead of heaven is disaster. As in most things, Christians need to seek a reasonable balance on earth and put the emphasis on heavenly things.
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| | <noinclude></noinclude> | | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | ==References== | + | ==Referencias== |
| − | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] | + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/es]] |
| | <noinclude></noinclude> | | <noinclude></noinclude> |
| − | <section end="Body" />
| + | {{CloseHonorPage}} |
