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| − | {{Taxobox
| + | <noinclude><translate><!--T:1--> |
| − | | name = Psocoptera
| + | </noinclude> |
| − | | image = Psocoptera.jpg
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| − | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| − | | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
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| − | | classis = [[Insect]]a
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| − | | subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
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| − | | infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
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| − | | ordo = '''Psocoptera'''
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| − | | subdivision_ranks = Suborders
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| − | | subdivision =
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| − | *'''Trogiomorpha''' (7 families)
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| − | *'''Troctomorpha''' (9 families)
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| − | *'''Psocomorpha''' (24 families)
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| − | }}
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| − | '''Psocoptera''' are an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[insect]]s that are commonly known as '''booklice''', '''barklice''' or '''barkflies'''[http://www.brc.ac.uk/schemes/barkfly/introduction.htm]. They first appeared in the [[Permian]] era, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the [[hemipteroid]]s <ref>{{cite book |title=Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders |author=Christopher O'Toole |id=ISBN 1-55297-612-2 |year=2002}}</ref>. Their name originates from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''psokos'' meaning [[wiktionary:gnawed|gnawed]] or [[wiktionary:rubbed|rubbed]] and ''ptera'' meaning [[insect wing|wings]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/compendium/psocop~1.html |title=Psocoptera |publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] |author=John R. Meyer |date=[[2005-03-05]]}}</ref>. There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years <ref>{{cite journal |quotes=no |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/zt01319p014.pdf |title=New genera of Psocoptera (Insecta), from Mexico, Belize and Ecuador (Psoquillidae, Ptiloneuridae, Lachesillidae) |author=Alfonso N. García Aldrete |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1319 |pages=1–14 |year=2006}}</ref>.
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| | + | {{ |
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| − | They range in size from 1–10 [[millimetre|mm]] in length. | + | <!--T:3--> |
| | + | Species id |
| | + | | common_name = Booklice |
| | + | | latin_name = Psocoptera |
| | + | | image = Psocoptera.jpg |
| | + | | order = Psocoptera |
| | + | | description = |
| | + | '''Psocoptera''' are an order of insects that are commonly known as '''booklice''', '''barklice''' or '''barkflies'''. |
| | + | They range in size from 1–10mm in length. |
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| − | The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old [[book]]s — they feed upon the [[paste]] used in [[binding]]. The barklice are found harmlessly on trees, feeding on algae and [[lichen]]. No member of this order is currently [[endangered species|endangered]]; in fact, in 2007, ''Atlantopsocus adustus'', a species native to Madeira and the Canary Islands, was found to have colonised the mild [[Cornwall|Cornish coast]] of southwest England.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7085704.stm BBC News, "New insect species arrives in UK"] 8 November 2007</ref> | + | <!--T:4--> |
| | + | The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old books — they feed upon the paste used in binding. The barklice are found harmlessly on trees, feeding on algae and lichen. |
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| − | ==Classification==
| + | <!--T:5--> |
| − | The Order Psocoptera is divided into three suborders.
| + | }} |
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| − | ===Suborder Trogiomorpha===
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| − | '''Trogiomorpha''' is the smallest suborder of the Psocoptera ''sensu stricto'' (i.e. excluding [[Phthiraptera]]), with about 340 species in 7 families, ranging from the monospecific fossil family [[Archaeotropidae]] to the speciose [[Lepidopsocidae]] (over 200 species). Trogiomorpha have [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] with many segments (more than 20). They always have three-segmented tarsi <ref name="Lienhard">{{cite journal |quotes=no |author=C. Lienhard & C. N. Smithers |year=2002 |title=Psocoptera (Insecta): World Catalogue and Bibliography |journal=[[Instrumenta Biodiversitatis]] |volume=5 |Publisher=[[Muséum d'histoire naturelle]], Geneva}}</ref>.
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| − | Trogiomorpha comprises Infraorder '''Atropetae''' (families [[Archaeotropidae]], [[Empheriidae]], [[Lepidopsocidae]] and [[Psoquillidae]]) and Infraorder '''Psocathropetae''' (families [[Psyllipsocidae]] and [[Prionoglarididae]]).
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| − | ===Suborder Troctomorpha===
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| − | '''Troctomorpha''' have antennae with 15 segments and two-segmented tarsi. Troctomorpha are now known to also contain the order [[Phthiraptera]] (lice), and are therefore paraphyletic, as are Psocoptera as a whole. Some Troctomorpha, like ''Liposcelis'' (which are similar to lice in morphology), are often found in birds' nests, and it is possible that a similar behaviour in the ancestors of lice is at the origin of the parasitism seen today <ref name="Lienhard"/>.
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| − | Troctomorpha comprises the Infraorder '''Amphientometae''' (families [[Amphientomidae]], [[Compsocidae]], [[Electrentomidae]], [[Musapsocidae]], [[Protroctopsocidae]] and [[Troctopsocidae]]) and Infraorder '''Nanopsocetae''' (families [[Liposcelididae]], [[Pachytroctidae]] and [[Sphaeropsocidae]]).
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| − | ===Suborder Psocomorpha===
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| − | '''Psocomorpha''' is the largest suborder of the Psocoptera ''sensu stricto'' (i.e. excluding [[Phthiraptera]]), with about 3,600 species in 24 families, ranging from the species-poor Bryopsocidae (2 spp.) to the speciose Psocidae (about 900 spp) <ref name="Lienhard"/>.
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| − | Psocomorpha are notable for having antennae with 13 segments. They have two- or three-segmented tarsi, this condition being constant (e.g. Psocidae) or variable (e.g. Pseudocaeciliidae) within families. Their wing venation is variable, the most common type being that found in the genus ''Caecilius'' (rounded, free areola postica, thickened, free pterostigma, r+s two-branched, m three-branched). Additional veins are found in some families and genera (''Dicropsocus'' and ''Goja'' in Epipsocidae, many Calopsocidae, etc.)
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| − | Psocomorpha comprises Infraorder '''Epipsocetae''' (families [[Cladiopsocidae]], [[Dolabellopsocidae]], [[Epipsocidae]], [[Neurostigmatidae]] and [[Ptiloneuridae]]), Infraorder '''Caeciliusetae''' (families [[Amphipsocidae]], [[Asiopsocidae]], [[Caeciliusidae]], [[Dasydemellidae]] and [[Stenopsocidae]]), Infraorder '''Homilopsocidea''' (families [[Archipsocidae]], [[Bryopsocidae]], [[Calopsocidae]], [[Ectopsocidae]], [[Elipsocidae]], [[Lachesillidae]], [[Mesopsocidae]], [[Peripsocidae]], [[Philotarsidae]], [[Pseudocaeciliidae]] and [[Trichopsocidae]]) and Infraorder [[Psocetae]] (families [[Hemipsocidae]], [[Myopsocidae]], [[Psilopsocidae]] and [[Psocidae]]).
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <div class="references-small"><references/></div>
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | *[http://www.brc.ac.uk/schemes/barkfly/homepage.htm National Barkfly Recording Scheme]
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| − | *[http://www.psocodea.org/ Psoco Net]
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| − | [[Category:Insects]]
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| − | [[Category:Psocoptera| ]]
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| − | [[ca:Psocòpter]]
| + | <!--T:6--> |
| − | [[cs:Pisivky]]
| + | [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] |
| − | [[de:Staubläuse]]
| + | <noinclude></translate></noinclude> |
| − | [[es:Psocoptera]]
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| − | [[fr:Psocoptera]] | |
| − | [[it:Psocoptera]]
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| − | [[ka:თივაჭამიები]]
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| − | [[lv:Ķērpjutu kārta]]
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| − | [[lt:Šiengraužiai]]
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| − | [[hu:Fürgetetvek]]
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| − | [[nl:Stofluis]]
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| − | [[ja:チャタテムシ]]
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| − | [[no:Støvlus]]
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| − | [[pl:Psotniki]]
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| − | [[pt:Psocoptera]]
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| − | [[ru:Сеноеды]]
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| − | [[sl:Prašne uši]]
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