Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Forestry/Answer Key"
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===b. Clinometer or Tangent height gauge – measure the height of trees=== | ===b. Clinometer or Tangent height gauge – measure the height of trees=== | ||
[[Image:Clinometer commonly used by foresters.JPG|right|200px|thumb|A clinometer used in forestry]] | [[Image:Clinometer commonly used by foresters.JPG|right|200px|thumb|A clinometer used in forestry]] | ||
| + | [[File:Clinometerlow.jpg|right|200px|Hand made clinometer]] | ||
The clinometer, known in many fields as an inclinometer, is a common tool used in forestry to measure slope, vertical angles, and – in combination with distance measurements – elevation change or tree heights. | The clinometer, known in many fields as an inclinometer, is a common tool used in forestry to measure slope, vertical angles, and – in combination with distance measurements – elevation change or tree heights. | ||
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Note also that both angles should be positive numbers (i.e. ignore any minus sign on the clinometer's scale). | Note also that both angles should be positive numbers (i.e. ignore any minus sign on the clinometer's scale). | ||
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| + | If you are doing this activity with a large group, you may wish to make several simple clinometers using paper, a protractor, a tube, and a weighted string (see the photo above). Note that the 0° mark is at the bottom center, so that if the tube is held level, the string will line up with this mark (showing no incline). To use this device, sight the top of the tree through the tube while another person takes the reading from the scale. | ||
===c. Increment borer – count the growth rings to determine age=== | ===c. Increment borer – count the growth rings to determine age=== | ||
Revision as of 01:59, 20 November 2011
1. Prerequisite: Tree Honor
2. Learn the proper use of the following common forestry tools and practice using them on trees in a forest. Record the information for each tree giving also the common name of each tree:
For this requirement you will need access to a forest and permission from a land owner to bore into the trees.
You can go as a group, but each person in the group must take several measurements. In addition to the equipment listed below, each participant should bring a notebook and a pen for recording measurements and observations.
a. DBH (diameter at breast height) tape – measure the diameter of trees (or measure the tree circumference and calculate the diameter)
A DBH-tape is a form of dendrometer that consists of a cloth or metal tape that is mainly used to measure diameter at breast height (DBH). DBH is measured at a fixed height of 140cm
above the ground, where it is most convenient to measure diameter. DBH is measured up high so to avoid measuring a tree's butt swell. Butt swell is where the base of the tree is unconventionally fatter than the rest of the tree. height and diameter are used to determine the volume of a given tree, measuring above the butt swell is required to provide the most accurate measurement.
Diameter is easily measured because the tape is calibrated in units of 3.14 ([math]\displaystyle{ \pi }[/math]) inches or centimeters. The tape is actually measuring the tree's circumference but since circumference and diameter are related by pi, the diameter can easily be obtained. The only problem with the diameter tape is that the measurements assume the tree's trunk cross-sections are perfectly circular. Thus the diameter tape just gives an approximation, regardless it is the most commonly used dendrometer for DBH.
b. Clinometer or Tangent height gauge – measure the height of trees
The clinometer, known in many fields as an inclinometer, is a common tool used in forestry to measure slope, vertical angles, and – in combination with distance measurements – elevation change or tree heights.
A forester using a clinometer makes use of basic trigonometry.
First the observer measures a straight-line distance D from some observation point O to the object. Then, using the clinometer, the observer measures the angle a between O and the top of the object. Then the observer does the same for the angle b between O and the bottom of the object. Multiplying D by the tangent of a gives the height of the object above the observer, and by the tangent of b the depth of the object below the observer. Adding the two of course gives the total height (H) of the object, in the same units as D.
Note that since multiplication is distributive it is equally valid to add the tangents of the angles and then multiply them by D:
- A = tan a
- B = tan b
- H = (A × D) + (B × D) = (A + B) × D
Note also that both angles should be positive numbers (i.e. ignore any minus sign on the clinometer's scale).
If you are doing this activity with a large group, you may wish to make several simple clinometers using paper, a protractor, a tube, and a weighted string (see the photo above). Note that the 0° mark is at the bottom center, so that if the tube is held level, the string will line up with this mark (showing no incline). To use this device, sight the top of the tree through the tube while another person takes the reading from the scale.
