Difference between revisions of "AY Honors/Waterfalls/Answer Key"

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:''For other senses of this word, see [[waterfall (disambiguation)]].''
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{{HonorSubpage}}
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[[Image:swanson7802.jpg|left|200px|thumb|A Massapequa (NY) waterfall]]
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<!--{{Honor_Master|honor=Waterfalls|master=Naturalist|group=Flora}}-->
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[[image:Base of Tower Fall with rainbow-750px.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tower Fall]] in [[Yellowstone National Park]]]]
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<section begin="Body" />
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A '''waterfall''' is usually a geological formation resulting from water, often in the form of a [[stream]], flowing over an [[erosion]]-resistant rock formation that forms a sudden break in elevation. Waterfalls may also be artificial, and they are sometimes used for [[garden]] and [[landscape]] ornament.
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1}}
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:30-->
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</noinclude>
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<!-- 1. Define the following types of waterfalls and give one example of each. -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1a}}
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:31-->
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</noinclude>
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In a block waterfall, water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.
 +
<gallery>
 +
File:AguaAzulMexico1.jpg| Agua Azul - Chiapas, Mexico
 +
File:MillstreamFalls 4467.jpg|Millstream Falls - Queensland, Australia
 +
File:Niag715.jpg|Niagara Falls - Ontario, Canada
 +
</gallery>
  
−
Some waterfalls form in [[mountain|montane]] environments where erosion is rapid and stream courses may be subject to sudden and catastrophic change.  In such cases, the waterfall may not be the end product of many years of water action over a region, but rather the result of relatively sudden geological processes such as [[thrust fault]]s or [[volcano|volcanic action]].
+
<!--T:32-->
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__TOC__<br clear="right" /><!-- necessary for correct placing of TOC -->
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<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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==Formation ==
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{{CloseReq}} <!-- 1a -->
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[[Image:Waterfall_formation23.png|350px|thumb|right|Formation of a waterfall]]
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1b}} <!--T:2-->
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:33-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
In a cascade waterfall, water descends a series of rock steps.
  
−
Some of waterfalls are the result of action of water on the underlying strata.  Typically, a stream will flow across an area of formations, and more resistant rock strata will form shelves across the streamway, elevated above the further stream bed when the less erosion-resistant rock around it disappears. Over a period of years, the edges of this shelf will gradually break away and the waterfall will steadily move upstream.  Often, the rock strata just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, and will erode out to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a [[rock shelter]] (also known as a rock house) under and behind the waterfall.
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:35-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
In a horsetail waterfall, descending water maintains some contact with bedrock.
  
−
Streams often become wider and more shallow just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep pool just below the waterfall due to the [[kinetic energy]] of the water hitting the bottom.
+
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 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:37-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
In a plunge waterfall, water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface.
  
−
Waterfalls are a hindrance to river transportation, and so the [[Welland Canal]] was built in [[1829]] to allow ships to pass [[Niagara Falls]] in the [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]].
+
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:39-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
In a segmented waterfall, distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends.
  
−
Some water falls have brown water from picking up rust, dirt and clay from the things it passes
+
<!--T:40-->
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<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1f}} <!--T:6-->
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:41-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
In a tiered waterfall, water drops in a series of distinct steps or falls.
 +
{{Todo|Add galleries for all types listed}}
  
−
==Types of waterfalls==
+
<!--T:42-->
−
[[image:waterfall_oregon.jpg|thumb|150px|Cascade-style waterfall in Oregon, United States.]]
+
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
−
Certain terms describe several common types of waterfalls:
+
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*Block, where the water descends from a relatively wide stream or river;
+
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 1 -->
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*[[Cascade]], where the water descends a series of rock steps;
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=2}}
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*[[Cataract]], where the waterfall is large;
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:43-->
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*Fan, where the water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with [[bedrock]];
+
</noinclude>
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*Horsetail, where descending water maintains some contact with bedrock;
+
<!-- 2. Choose 10 waterfalls, including 2 from near the area or state in which you live, and list the following information about them: Name, Total Height, Waterfall Type, Watercourse, Location. -->
−
*Plunge, where the water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface;
 
−
*Punchbowl, where the water descends in a constricted form, then spreads out in a wider pool;
 
−
*Segmented, where distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends; and
 
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*Tiered, where water drops in a series of distinct steps or falls.
 
−
<br clear="right" />
 
  
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==Examples of large waterfalls==
+
<!--T:8-->
−
A partial [[list of waterfalls]] is available; the world's largest waterfalls include:
+
The two from your area will depend on your area. Here is an example to start your research with:
  
−
* South America's [[Angel Falls]], the world's highest at 979 m (3230 ft), in [[Venezuela]] ;
+
<!--T:9-->
−
* Africa's [[Victoria Falls]], the world's largest, on the [[Zambezi River]];
+
'''Name:''' '''Niagara Falls''' is actually three falls. From largest to smallest, the three waterfalls are the Horseshoe Falls, the American Falls and the Bridal Veil Falls. The Horseshoe Falls lie on the Canadian side and the American Falls on the American side, separated by Goat Island. The smaller Bridal Veil Falls are also located on the American side, separated from the other waterfalls by Luna Island. The international boundary line was originally drawn through Horseshoe Falls in 1819, but the boundary has long been in dispute due to natural erosion and construction.
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* Africa's [[Boyoma Falls]], with the world's highest volume, 17,000 m&sup3;/s (600,000 ft&sup3;/s), on the [[Congo River]];
 
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* [[Yosemite Falls]], the tallest in North America, located in [[Yosemite National Park]];
 
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* [[Niagara Falls]], most voluminous in North America, on the border between the USA and Canada;
 
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* [[Rhine Falls]], [[Europe]]'s largest, located in [[Switzerland]].
 
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* [[Iguazu Falls]], a tall and extremely wide fall located in [[South America]] on the Argentina/Brazil border.
 
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* [[Jog Falls]], India's highest and second highest in Asia, located in [[Karnataka]] state,[[India]];
 
  
−
==External links==
+
<!--T:10-->
−
*[http://www.world-waterfalls.com/ World Waterfall Database]
+
'''Total Height:''' vertical drop of more than 165 feet (50 m)
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*[http://www.panoramas.dk/fullscreen3/f44_niagara.html Niagara Falls - Fullscreen QTVR Panorama]
 
  
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[[Category:Waterfalls|*]]
+
<!--T:11-->
 +
'''Waterfall Type:''' Block
  
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[[da:Vandfald]]
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<!--T:12-->
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[[de:Wasserfall]]
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'''Watercourse:''' Niagara River
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[[eo:Akvofalo]]
+
 
−
[[es:Cataratas]]
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<!--T:13-->
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[[et:Juga]]
+
'''Location:''' Between Niagara Falls, Ontario and Niagara Falls, New York.
−
[[fr:Chute d'eau]]
+
 
−
[[he:&#1502;&#1508;&#1500; &#1502;&#1497;&#1501;]]
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<!--T:44-->
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[[it:Cascata]]
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<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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[[ja:&#28381;]]
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{{CloseReq}} <!-- 2 -->
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[[nl:Waterval]]
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3}}
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[[no:Foss]]
+
<noinclude><translate><!--T:45-->
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[[nn:Foss]]
+
</noinclude>
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[[pl:Wodospad]]
+
<!-- 3. Complete two of the following activities. -->
−
[[pt:Cachoeira (cascata)]]
+
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
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[[sl:Slap]]
+
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3a}}
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[[sv:vattenfall]]
+
<noinclude><translate><!--T:46-->
 +
</noinclude>
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 +
<!--T:15-->
 +
Field trips are always fun. Maybe this visit could count toward the [[AY Honors/Hiking|Hiking Honor]]. That honor requires keeping a record of your hikes so this fits very well. Happy waterfall viewing.
 +
 
 +
<!--T:47-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3a -->
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3b}} <!--T:16-->
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:48-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
 
 +
<!--T:17-->
 +
This information should be similar to the example under #2. Don't forget that the eco-system around the waterfall can be just as interesting as the basic statistics of the waterfall itself.
 +
 
 +
<!--T:49-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3b -->
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3c}} <!--T:18-->
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:50-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
 
 +
<!--T:19-->
 +
The intent is a meaningful video - not just a 2 minute tourist video.
 +
 
 +
<!--T:51-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3c -->
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3d}} <!--T:21-->
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:52-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
 
 +
<!--T:22-->
 +
This could be a paper scrapbook (a good project for the [[AY Honors/Scrapbooking|Scrapbooking Honor]] or perhaps an online "scrapbook" on a webpage. The info gathered for requirement #2 is a good place to start. Have fun.
 +
 
 +
<!--T:53-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3d -->
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=3e}} <!--T:23-->
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:54-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
*Angel/Tallest waterfall in the world at 3212 feet.
 +
*Browne/Tallest waterfall in New Zealand.
 +
*Dettifoss/Waterfall flowing from a glacier in Iceland.
 +
*Havasu/Waterfall on an Indian reservation in Arizona.
 +
*Huangguoshu/Largest waterfall in China.
 +
*Iguazu/275 falls on the border of Argentina and Brazil.
 +
*Langfoss/Giant cascade in Norway, falling 2008 feet.
 +
*Mardalsfossen/Well known tiered waterfall in Norway.
 +
*Multnomah/Tiered waterfall along the Columbia Gorge in Oregon.
 +
*Niagara/Most powerful waterfall in North America.
 +
*Shomyo/Tallest year-round falls in Japan.
 +
*Takkakaw/Cree Indian name for a waterfall in British Columbia.
 +
*Tugela/2nd tallest waterfall in the world, found in South Africa.
 +
*Victoria/Largest waterfall in the world.
 +
*Yosemite/Popular tourist attraction in a National Park in California.
 +
*Yumbilla/5th tallest waterfall in the world, 2nd tallest in Peru.
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3e -->
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{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3 -->
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{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4}}
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:55-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
<!-- 4. Water is mentioned in each of the following verses. Describe what is happening in each verse, then tell what the water symbolizes. -->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4a}}
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:56-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
{{Bible verse
 +
|book = John
 +
|chapter = 9
 +
|verse = 11
 +
|version = NKJV
 +
|text=
 +
He answered and said, “A Man called Jesus made clay and anointed my eyes and said to me, ‘Go to the pool of Siloam and wash.’ So I went and washed, and I received sight.”
 +
}}
 +
In this verse, a man who was born blind was explaining to the Pharisees how he had been healed of his blindness by Jesus. Rather than recognizing the divinity of Jesus, the Pharisees ignore the fact that Jesus had healed the man's blindness, but rather seized on the detail that Jesus had "made clay" which was "in violation of the Sabbath." They were indeed "straining out a gnat and swallowing a camel." (Matt 23:24).
 +
 
 +
<!--T:24-->
 +
The water in this verse represents faith, because the blind man was not healed until he acted on faith and washed as instructed. An immediate parallel is the story of Naaman (2 Kings 5) in which Naaman was not healed of his leperosy until he acted on faith as instructed, and washed in the River Jordan.
 +
 
 +
<!--T:57-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 4a -->
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4b}} <!--T:25-->
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<noinclude><translate><!--T:58-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
{{Bible verse
 +
|book = John
 +
|chapter = 13
 +
|verse = 5
 +
|version = NKJV
 +
|text=
 +
After that, He poured water into a basin and began to wash the disciples’ feet, and to wipe them with the towel with which He was girded.
 +
}}
 +
This verse takes place during the Last Supper. The disciples had been arguing among themselves about who of them was the greatest, so none of them wanted to stoop down to serve the others by washing their feet. That was a job for the lowliest servant in a household, not for someone who aspired to the Secretary of the State in the New Kingdom. All of them knew that someone needed to perform this task, but none would. The disciples were greatly embarrassed when they realized that Jesus himself was doing this.
 +
 
 +
<!--T:26-->
 +
The water here represents cleansing from sin. Just as He was the only one willing to take the role of a servant, Jesus Jesus was also the only One able to rid them of their sin.
 +
 
 +
<!--T:59-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 4b -->
 +
{{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4c}} <!--T:27-->
 +
<noinclude><translate><!--T:60-->
 +
</noinclude>
 +
{{Bible verse
 +
|book = Matthew
 +
|chapter = 3
 +
|verse = 16
 +
|version = NKJV
 +
|text=
 +
When He had been baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water; and behold, the heavens were opened to Him, and He saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and alighting upon Him.
 +
}}
 +
This verse describes the baptism of Jesus. Baptism represents our own death, burial, and resurrection. We die to ourselves, are "buried" in the water (representing the grave), and then resurrected as new, born again Christians. The water is also cleansing us of our old life of sin.
 +
 
 +
<!--T:61-->
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 4c -->
 +
{{CloseReq}} <!-- 4 -->
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<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
 +
==References== <!--T:28-->
 +
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
 +
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Do at home|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
 +
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 +
{{CloseHonorPage}}

Latest revision as of 22:00, 10 April 2021

Other languages:
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Waterfalls

Skill Level

1

Year

2011

Version

23.11.2024

Approval authority

General Conference

Waterfalls AY Honor.png
Waterfalls
Nature
Skill Level
123
Approval authority
General Conference
Year of Introduction
2011
See also
Naturalist Master Award


1

Define the following types of waterfalls and give one example of each.


1a

Block


In a block waterfall, water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.

  • Agua Azul - Chiapas, Mexico

  • Millstream Falls - Queensland, Australia

  • Niagara Falls - Ontario, Canada


1b

Cascade


In a cascade waterfall, water descends a series of rock steps.


1c

Horsetail


In a horsetail waterfall, descending water maintains some contact with bedrock.


1d

Plunge


In a plunge waterfall, water descends vertically, losing contact with the bedrock surface.


1e

Segmented


In a segmented waterfall, distinctly separate flows of water form as it descends.


1f

Tiered


In a tiered waterfall, water drops in a series of distinct steps or falls.

To do:
Add galleries for all types listed



2

Choose 10 waterfalls, including 2 from near the area or state in which you live, and list the following information about them: Name, Total Height, Waterfall Type, Watercourse, Location.


The two from your area will depend on your area. Here is an example to start your research with:

Name: Niagara Falls is actually three falls. From largest to smallest, the three waterfalls are the Horseshoe Falls, the American Falls and the Bridal Veil Falls. The Horseshoe Falls lie on the Canadian side and the American Falls on the American side, separated by Goat Island. The smaller Bridal Veil Falls are also located on the American side, separated from the other waterfalls by Luna Island. The international boundary line was originally drawn through Horseshoe Falls in 1819, but the boundary has long been in dispute due to natural erosion and construction.

Total Height: vertical drop of more than 165 feet (50 m)

Waterfall Type: Block

Watercourse: Niagara River

Location: Between Niagara Falls, Ontario and Niagara Falls, New York.


3

Complete two of the following activities.


3a

Visit a waterfall and write a paragraph telling about your experience.


Field trips are always fun. Maybe this visit could count toward the Hiking Honor. That honor requires keeping a record of your hikes so this fits very well. Happy waterfall viewing.


3b

Choose a waterfall (other than ones in #2) of interest to you and record facts and interesting information about the falls that you have selected.


This information should be similar to the example under #2. Don't forget that the eco-system around the waterfall can be just as interesting as the basic statistics of the waterfall itself.


3c

Watch a video about a waterfall.


The intent is a meaningful video - not just a 2 minute tourist video.


3d

Make a scrapbook about waterfalls. Include pictures of waterfalls and important information about each one. This may be a group project.


This could be a paper scrapbook (a good project for the Scrapbooking Honor or perhaps an online "scrapbook" on a webpage. The info gathered for requirement #2 is a good place to start. Have fun.


3e

Using the information provided, create a crossword or word search puzzle:


  • Angel/Tallest waterfall in the world at 3212 feet.
  • Browne/Tallest waterfall in New Zealand.
  • Dettifoss/Waterfall flowing from a glacier in Iceland.
  • Havasu/Waterfall on an Indian reservation in Arizona.
  • Huangguoshu/Largest waterfall in China.
  • Iguazu/275 falls on the border of Argentina and Brazil.
  • Langfoss/Giant cascade in Norway, falling 2008 feet.
  • Mardalsfossen/Well known tiered waterfall in Norway.
  • Multnomah/Tiered waterfall along the Columbia Gorge in Oregon.
  • Niagara/Most powerful waterfall in North America.
  • Shomyo/Tallest year-round falls in Japan.
  • Takkakaw/Cree Indian name for a waterfall in British Columbia.
  • Tugela/2nd tallest waterfall in the world, found in South Africa.
  • Victoria/Largest waterfall in the world.
  • Yosemite/Popular tourist attraction in a National Park in California.
  • Yumbilla/5th tallest waterfall in the world, 2nd tallest in Peru.



4

Water is mentioned in each of the following verses. Describe what is happening in each verse, then tell what the water symbolizes.


4a

John 9:11



He answered and said, “A Man called Jesus made clay and anointed my eyes and said to me, ‘Go to the pool of Siloam and wash.’ So I went and washed, and I received sight.”
— John 9:11 (NKJV)

In this verse, a man who was born blind was explaining to the Pharisees how he had been healed of his blindness by Jesus. Rather than recognizing the divinity of Jesus, the Pharisees ignore the fact that Jesus had healed the man's blindness, but rather seized on the detail that Jesus had "made clay" which was "in violation of the Sabbath." They were indeed "straining out a gnat and swallowing a camel." (Matt 23:24).

The water in this verse represents faith, because the blind man was not healed until he acted on faith and washed as instructed. An immediate parallel is the story of Naaman (2 Kings 5) in which Naaman was not healed of his leperosy until he acted on faith as instructed, and washed in the River Jordan.


4b

John 13:5



After that, He poured water into a basin and began to wash the disciples’ feet, and to wipe them with the towel with which He was girded.
— John 13:5 (NKJV)

This verse takes place during the Last Supper. The disciples had been arguing among themselves about who of them was the greatest, so none of them wanted to stoop down to serve the others by washing their feet. That was a job for the lowliest servant in a household, not for someone who aspired to the Secretary of the State in the New Kingdom. All of them knew that someone needed to perform this task, but none would. The disciples were greatly embarrassed when they realized that Jesus himself was doing this.

The water here represents cleansing from sin. Just as He was the only one willing to take the role of a servant, Jesus Jesus was also the only One able to rid them of their sin.


4c

Matthew 3:16



When He had been baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water; and behold, the heavens were opened to Him, and He saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and alighting upon Him.
— Matthew 3:16 (NKJV)

This verse describes the baptism of Jesus. Baptism represents our own death, burial, and resurrection. We die to ourselves, are "buried" in the water (representing the grave), and then resurrected as new, born again Christians. The water is also cleansing us of our old life of sin.




References

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