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| − | {{otheruses}} | + | {{Bird id |
| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | color = pink
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| | | name = Golden Eagle | | | name = Golden Eagle |
| − | | status = LC | + | | latin_name = Aquila chrysaetos |
| − | | image = GoldenEagle1.jpg | + | | level = 4 |
| − | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | + | | image_1 = GoldenEagle-Nova.jpg |
| − | | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | + | | caption_1 = Golden Eagle |
| − | | classis = [[Bird|Aves]] | + | | image_2 = |
| − | | ordo = [[Falconiformes]] | + | | caption_2 = Adult Golden Eagle in flight |
| − | | familia = [[Accipitridae]] | + | | image_3 = Golden eagle.jpg |
| − | | genus = ''[[Eagle|Aquila]]'' | + | | caption_3 = Adult and juvenile |
| − | | species = '''''A. chrysaetos''''' | + | | range_map = Aquila_chrysaetos_dis(Aiger).png |
| − | | binomial = ''Aquila chrysaetos''
| + | | range_map_caption = World distribution of the golden eagle<br>Light green = Nesting area <br> Blue = Wintering area <br> Dark green = All year distribution |
| − | | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
| + | | description = The '''Golden Eagle''' (''Aquila chrysaetos'') is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. |
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| − | The '''Golden Eagle''' (''Aquila chrysaetos'') is one of the best known [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] in the Northern Hemisphere. Like all [[eagle]]s, it belongs to the family [[Accipitridae]]. | + | A pair of Golden Eagles remains together for life. They build several eyries within their territory and use them alternately for several years. The nest consists of heavy tree branches, upholstered with grass. |
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| − | There are five [[subspecies]] of the Golden Eagle:
| + | Old eyries may be {{units|2 meters|6.6 ft}} in diameter and {{units|1 meter|3.3 ft}} in height, as the eagles enlarge their nests every year. If the eyrie is situated on a tree, supporting tree branches may break because of the weight of the nest. |
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| − | * '''Eurasian Golden Eagle''' (''A. c. chrysaetos'')
| + | The female lays two eggs between January and May (depending on the area). After 45 days the young hatch. They are entirely white and are fed for fifty days before they are able to make their first flight attempts and eat on their own. In most cases only the older chick, which takes most of the food, survives, while the younger one dies without leaving the eyrie. |
| − | * '''American Golden Eagle''' (''A. c. canadensis'')
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| − | * '''Spanish Golden Eagle''' (''A. c. homeryi'')
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| − | * '''Japanese Golden Eagle''' (''A. c. japonica'')
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| − | * '''Russian Berkut''' (''A. c. daphanea'')
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| − | Golden Eagles are renowned for their striking appearance and combining power with agility in flight. | + | Adult Golden Eagles have an average length of {{units|75-85 cm|30-34"}}, a wingspan of {{units|150-210 cm|59-83"}}, and a weight of {{units|3-5 kg|7-11 lb}}. As in all birds of prey, the females are generally slightly larger than the males. |
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| − | == Distribution ==
| + | The plumage colors range from black-brown to dark brown, with a striking golden-buff crown and nape, which give the bird its name. The juveniles resemble the adults, but have a duller more mottled appearance. Also they have a white-banded tail and a white patch at the carpal joint, that gradually disappear with every moult until full adult plumage is reached in the fifth year. |
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| − | At one time, the Golden Eagle lived in temperate [[Europe]], North [[Asia]], [[North America]], North [[Africa]] and [[Japan]]. In most areas this bird is now a mountain-dweller, but in former centuries it also bred in the plains and the forests. In recent years it has started to breed in lowland areas again (Sweden, Denmark).
| + | Golden Eagles often have a division of labor while hunting: one partner drives the prey to its waiting partner. They have very good eyesight and can spot prey from a long distance. The talons are used for killing and carrying the prey, the beak is used only for eating. The talons of a Golden Eagle are thought to be more powerful than the hand and arm strength of any human being. |
| − | [[Image:GoldenEagle3.jpg|thumb|right|Golden Eagle swooping down to land]]
| + | }}<noinclude>[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Transcluded Modules|{{FULLCHAPTERNAME}}]]</noinclude> |
| − | There was a great decline in Central Europe, and the Golden Eagle is now restricted to the higher central Appennine regions of Italy (Regional capital of Abbruzzo is named after the latin/Italian word for eagle, L'Aquila) [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abruzzo_National_Park&redirect=no source], and the [[Alps]]. In [[Britain]], there are about 420 pairs left in the [[Scottish highlands]], and between [[1969]] and [[2004]] they bred in the English [[Lake District]]. In North America the situation is not as dramatic, but there has still been a noticeable decline.
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| − | In Central Asia, Golden Eagles sometimes are trained for [[falconry]], and in [[Kazakhstan]] there are still hunters using these eagles in order to catch deer and antelopes.
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| − | Efforts are being made to re-introduce the species in [[Ireland]], where they had been extinct since the early 20th Century. Thirty-five birds have been released into the wild since 2001.
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| − | == Reproduction ==
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| − | [[Image:GoldenEagle2.jpg|thumb|right|Golden Eagle in flight]]
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| − | A pair of Golden Eagles remains together for life. They build several [[eyrie]]s within their territory and use them alternately for several years. The nest consists of heavy tree branches, upholstered with grass.
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| − | Old eyries may be 2 metres in diameter and 1 metre in height, as the eagles enlarge their nests every year. If the eyrie is situated on a tree, supporting tree branches may break because of the weight of the nest.
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| − | The female lays two eggs between January and May (depending on the area). After 45 days the young hatch. They are entirely white and are fed for fifty days before they are able to make their first flight attempts and eat on their own. In most cases only the older chick, which takes most of the food, survives, while the younger one dies before leaving the eyrie.
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| − | == Physical characteristics ==
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| − | Adult Golden Eagles have an average length of 75-85 cm (36-40"), a wingspan of 150-210 cm (60-84"), and a weight of 3 to 5 kg. As in all birds of prey, the females are generally slightly larger than the males. The largest golden eagle on record was a huge 23 pound female in a national park in Spain she also held the record for the tallest Golden eagle, standing 36 inches (3 feet).
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| − | == Hunting ==
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| − | Golden Eagles often have a division of labour while hunting: one partner drives the prey to its waiting partner. Their prey includes [[marmot]]s, [[hare]]s and [[mouse|mice]], and sometimes [[bird]]s, [[marten]]s, [[fox]]es and young [[deer]]. Large [[mammal]]s like [[chamois]] or adult deer can only be taken if they are wounded or sick. In the US, Golden Eagles often take lambs as prey, providing a significant source of mortality and earning the enmity of sheep ranchers. | |
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| − | == Golden Eagles as religious symbols ==
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| − | The Golden Eagle is a sacred bird in some cultures and its [[feathers]] , like those of the [[Bald Eagle]], are central to many [[religious]] and [[spiritual]] customs amongst [[Native Americans]]. [[Native Americans]] revere these [[eagle]]s as [[sacred]] religious objects, and the [[feathers]] are often used to honor noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and bravery. | |
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| − | US Federal [[eagle feather law]] (Title 50 Part 22 Code of Federal Regulations), stipulates that only individuals of certifiable [[Native American]] ancestry enrolled in a federally-recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain Bald or Golden Eagle feathers for [[religious]] or [[spiritual]] use. [[Native Americans]] and non-Native Americans frequently contest the value and validity of the [[eagle feather law]], charging that the law imposes racial preferences and infringes on [[tribal sovereignty]]. The law does not allow [[Native Americans]] to give Golden or Bald Eagle feathers to non-Native Americans, a custom commonly practiced today as it was centuries ago.
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| − | The Golden Eagle is also used as the centrepoint to the clan Munro crest.
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| − | ==Gallery==
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| − | <gallery> | |
| − | Image:Hunting with Golden Eagles .jpg|The hunting Burgut - Golden Eagle - of Eastern Turkestan (1870s)
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| − | Image:Golden Eagle (small illustration).jpg|Illustration of Golden Eagle, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, 1897
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| − | Image:Goldie.JPG
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| − | Image:Audubon GoldenEagle.jpg|Audubon's Golden Eagle
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | {{commons|Aquila chrysaetos}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=49452|title=Aquila chrysaetos|downloaded=12 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
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| − | * Associated Press, ''Native American gets OK to use eagle feathers in religious practices'' (2002)[http://www.freedomforum.org/templates/document.asp?documentID=16684]
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| − | * Associated Press, ''Residents fight to use eagle feathers'' (2004)[http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=4949&sec=73&cont=6]
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| − | * Boradiansky, Tina S. ''Conflicting Values: The Religious Killing of Federally Protected Wildlife'' (1990)[http://www.animallaw.info/articles/arus30nrj709.htm]
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| − | * DeMeo, Antonia M. ''Access to Eagles and Eagle Parts: Environmental Protection v. Native American Free Exercise of Religion'' (1995)[http://www.animallaw.info/articles/ar22hstclq771.htm]
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| − | * Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), ''Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries PART 22—EAGLE PERMITS''[http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title50/50cfr22_main_02.tpl]
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/birds/Aquila_chrysaetos/ images and movies of the golden eagle ''(Aquila chrysaetos)'']
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| − | *[http://www.panoraama.com/live/maakotka/ Live Eagle camera]
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| − | *[http://www.mongoliaphoto.com/ Photo Hunting with Golden Eagles]
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| − | *[http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/guide/g/goldeneagle/index.asp RSPB A to Z of UK Birds]
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| − | *[http://www.aquilalp.net AQUILALP.NET - Monitoring Golden Eagles in the Eastern Alps]
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| − | * [http://www.geocities.com/eaglefeatherlaw Religious Freedom with Raptors]
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| − | [[Category:Fauna of the Alps]]
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| − | [[Category:Eagles]]
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| − | [[Category:Fauna of the Scottish Highlands]]
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| − | [[bg:Скален орел]]
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| − | [[cs:Orel skalní]]
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| − | [[da:Kongeørn]]
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| − | [[de:Steinadler]]
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| − | [[et:Kaljukotkas]]
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| − | [[es:Águila real]]
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| − | [[eo:Reĝa aglo]]
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| − | [[fr:Aigle royal]]
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| − | [[fy:Keningsearn]]
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| − | [[gl:Aguia real]]
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| − | [[lt:Kilnusis erelis]]
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| − | [[nl:Steenarend]]
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| − | [[ja:イヌワシ]]
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| − | [[nn:Kongeørn]]
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| − | [[pl:Orzeł przedni]]
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| − | [[pt:Águia real]]
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| − | [[ru:Беркут]]
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| − | [[sl:Planinski orel]]
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| − | [[ta:பொன்னாங் கழுகு]]
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| − | [[fi:Maakotka]]
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| − | [[sv:Kungsörn]]
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| − | [[tr:Kaya kartalı]]
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