AY Honors/Heredity/Answer Key/es

Herencia
Asociación General Salud y ciencia	Destreza: 3 Año de introducción: 2004

Requisitos

1

¿Qué entiende por el término «herencia»?

2

Hacer un dibujo de una célula animal y etiquetar los siguientes nombres de estructuras: membrana celular, citoplasma, núcleo, membrana nuclear, ribosomas.

3

Explicar lo siguiente:

3a

¿Qué es un cromosoma y dónde están ubicados?

3b

¿Qué es un gen y dónde se encuentra?

4

Explicar lo siguiente:

4a

¿Qué entiende por el término «alelo»?

4b

¿Cómo difiere un alelo dominante de un alelo recesivo?

4c

Determinar qué alelo tiene usted de los siguientes rasgos genéticos:

4ci

Pico de la viuda

4cii

Lóbulo de la oreja separado

4ciii

Hoyuelos

4civ

Pulgar curvo

4cv

Meñique curvo

4cvi

Pelo de la falange media

4cvii

Enrollado de la lengua

4cviii

Segundo dedo del pie más largo

4d

Utilizando un cuadro de Punnett, predecir la proporción de descendientes producidos a partir de estos monohíbridos: TT (alto) cruzado con tt (bajo), Tt (alto) cruzado con Tt (alto), Tt (alto) cruzado con tt (bajo).

5

Explicar lo siguiente:

5a

¿Qué logra el proceso de la mitosis?

5b

Dibujar una secuencia de células que muestren el proceso de la mitosis, incluyendo: profase, metafase, anafase y telofase.

1. The proteins that bind sister chromatids together are split, allowing them to separate. These sister chromatids turned sister chromosomes are pulled apart because the microtubules attached to the chromosomes become shorter, pulling them toward the centrosomes to which they are attached.
2. The unattached microtubules elongate, pushing the centrosomes (and the set of chromosomes to which they are attached) apart to opposite ends of the cell.

At the end of anaphase, the cell has succeeded in separating identical copies of the genetic material into two distinct populations.

Telophase

Telophase is a reversal of the prophase events. It "cleans up" the aftereffects of mitosis. At telophase, the unattached microtubules continue to lengthen, elongating the cell even more. Corresponding sister chromosomes attach at opposite ends of the cell. A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of separated sister chromosomes. Both sets of chromosomes, now surrounded by new nuclei, unfold back into chromatin.

5c

Explicar brevemente la forma en que el ADN en los cromosomas se copia durante el proceso.

The DNA is copied during transcription with the help of enzymes. The strands unwind, are copied, then are rewound back into the double helix shape.

6

Explicar lo siguiente:

6a

¿Qué logra el proceso de la meiosis y en qué se diferencia de la mitosis?

Meiosis is employed to create gametes (gametes are called sperm in males and egg cells or ova in females), and occurs only for the creation of sex cells, not body cells. The resulting nuclei have only 1/2 the genetic information and must be mated to another sex cell nuclei to grow. In humans this means a sperm fertilizes an egg and a new life begins.

Mitosis, used by all other body cells, is the process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes to generate two, identical cells. It is generally followed by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane into two identical cells. This results in two identical cells with an equal distribution of organelles (cell parts).

Every cell in your body has 46 identical chromosomes that are unique to you (commonly known as your DNA - what gets matched on a crime show). This is called a diploid number of chromosomes or 2n. However, when you make sex cells (egg or sperm) through meiosis, the cells will have half the normal body cell number, so in humans, 23. This is called haploid (hap and half sound alike, which helps us remember it.) This is represented by 1n. 23 chromosomes from the mother+23 from the father=46 total in the offspring.

Other animals have different numbers of chromosomes but the process is the same - 50/50 from each parent.

6b

Dibujar una secuencia de células que muestran el proceso de la meiosis, incluyendo: profase I y II, metafase I y II, anafase I y II, y telofase I y II.

The Process of meiosis is actually split into two processes, meiosis I and meiosis II, each of which have a prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. To see an illustration of meiosis, click on the diagram to enlarge.

Meiosis

We suggest following this video closely as the narrator answers this question by drawing out the answer.

Meiosis I

This is the process by which a diploid cell divides into two haploid cells. These two haploid cells still have duplicated chromosomes, however, so the two cells must enter Meiosis II following.

Prophase I

During Prophase I, the chromosomes cross over and the centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and begin to form the mitotic spindle.

Metaphase I

The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, and the microtubules from each centriole grab one chromosome from each homologous pair.

Anaphase I

The microtubules pull the chromosome pairs apart, so that each centriole gets one chromosome from each pair.

Telophase I

The cell membrane constricts in order to cut off the two cells, and nuclei begin to form around the chromosomes. The chromosomes are still duplicated, so now the cells undergo Meiosis II.

Meiosis II

This is the process by which the two haploid cells (with duplicated chromosomes; produced during Meiosis I) split into two more cells, so that the final product of Meiosis is four haploid cells.

Prophase II

The centrioles duplicate again and move to opposite ends of the cells, and the spindles begin to form.

Metaphase II

The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and the spindles from the centrioles attach to each chromosome.

Anaphase II

The centrioles pull the chromosomes apart, much like in mitosis, and each centriole gets one half of each chromosome.

Telophase II

The cell membranes constrict and a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes. The end result of meiosis is four cells with only one chromosome from each homologous pair. These are called gametes.

6c

¿Las células resultantes de la meiosis permanecen haploides? Explicar.

Yes. Haploid cells (23 chromosomes in humans) are gametes (sex cells - sperm or egg) and must remain haploid (think half the chromosomes) to produce viable offspring.

7

Describir cómo el ADN codifica las proteínas específicas que dan lugar a los rasgos genéticos. Demostrar su conocimiento de este proceso mediante el uso de esquemas o modelos en papel.

See Protein Synthesis for more information on this. It is much easier to understand an animation like this one.

In transcription DNA copies codes of thymine, adenine, cytosine and guanine into sequences that result in the formation of genes. An example of a sequence is AT-CG-AT-TA-TA-CG-GC-GC-AT representing base pairs of adenine/thymine and guanine cytosine.

Thymine (T) will bond with adenine (A) and only adenine (TA or AT). Cytosine (C) will bond with guanine (G) and only guanine (CG or GC).

Ideas for demonstrating this process include using the candy "dots" or "Mike and Ike's." You can use them with a toothpick to hold them together representing the sideways bonds and place them end to end to make a double helix around a dowel. Cytosine - red / Adenine - yellow / Thymine - orange / Guanine - green.

8

¿Qué es una mutación? Usar de los esquemas o modelos creados en la pregunta #7 para ilustrar el efecto de una mutación en los rasgos genéticos.

Mutation is any change in an organism's genetic material (DNA) caused by a mutagen, which is any material that drives this change.

Mutation can cause changes both big and small in a gene, either by point mutations and insertion/deletion of nucleotides on the small end of the scale or by mutations that have larger effects such as the duplication of a certain gene, the translocation of a certain chromosome, or the inversion of a chromosomal segment.

Many mutations are meaningless and inneffective as there are up to four triplet codes that each code for the same amino acid, and so if one base is changed, the overall result is unchanged, and the protein will be as if the mutation never happened. However, if multiple mutations occur on the same DNA or RNA strand, this can result in improperly built RNA which translates into improperly formed proteins and even malformed body structures and uncontrolled cell growth (cancer). See Protein Synthesis for more information on this.

A mutation is a shift in base pairs (which is the CG / AT) during transcription. It can be a deletion, subtraction or translocation.

9

Saber por lo menos cinco alteraciones genéticas y contar una historia sobre una persona famosa o alguien que sabe que ha tenido alguna de estas alteraciones.

Here is a list of genetic disorders and famous people who had/have them. You can easily search for more examples, or just pick one and find a story about the person you chose. You can tell the story to the others working on the honor (which will make an interesting exchange), or maybe type it up as a blog post if you are working on this honor independently.

• Color-blindness
  • Bill Clinton, former President of the United States, and Bob Dole, Former Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate. These two ran against each other in the 1996 Presidential election, and during their debates, the colors normally used had to be changed to accommodate them both.
• Cystic fibrosis
  • Grégory Lemarchal, French pop singer, died from the illness in 2007
  • Frankie Abernathy, actress in Real World: San Diego, died in 2007
  • Lisa Bentley, Triathlete
• Down syndrome
  • Stephane Ginnsz, actor (Duo (film)) First actor with Down syndrome in the lead part of a motion picture.
  • Chris Burke, actor (Life Goes On) and autobiographer
  • Andrea Friedman, actor (Life Goes On), guest appearances on many other shows
  • Pascal Duquenne, actor (Le Huitième Jour aka The Eighth Day, Toto le héros aka Toto the Hero)
  • Anne de Gaulle (1928-1948), daughter of Charles de Gaulle
• Hemophilia
  • Ryan White, famous for his struggle against AIDS. Ryan had hemophilia and got AIDS from the blood-clotting medicine he took.
  • Queen Victoria was a carrier of Hemophilia B. Two of her five daughters were also carriers and married into other royal families in Europe. They passed Hemophilia through various royal families such as Spain, Germany, and Russia. This is why Hemophilia is known as the Royal Disease. Her son Leopold died from a fall made fatal by Hemophillia.
  • An extensive list of famous hemophilics.
• Parkinson's Syndrome (formerly referred to as Parkinson's Disease)
  • Michael J. Fox - Actor
  • Cassius Clay (aka Muhammad Ali) - Former heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist.
  • Janet Reno, former Attorney General of the United States
• Huntington's Disease
  • Woody Guthrie
• Sickle Cell Anemia
  • Tiki Barber - American Football Player
• Spina bifida
  • Olympian and eight-time Boston Marathon winner Jean Driscoll[1]
  • 1980s rock star, John Mellencamp
  • Welsh Paralympian, Tanni Grey-Thompson
  • U.S. country music singer, Hank Williams
• Tay-Sachs disease

10

¿Es la herencia biológica el único factor que contribuye al carácter, es decir, lo que hace quién eres?

Biological Heredity is not the only factor contributing to your character- it is proven in studies that a personality of a person, and who they are, is determined by not only their genes, but also by their environment (way they are brought up).

As Adventists and Pathfinders our character should be shaped by our parents, our faith, our good deeds and by the temptation and sin, all of which can change our character.

11

Encontrar tres declaraciones de los escritos de Elena G. de White que se refieren a la pregunta anterior.

• Desire of Ages, p. 307 Inside of us by faith

"True character is not shaped from without, and put on; it radiates from within. If we wish to direct others in the path of righteousness, the principles of righteousness must be enshrined in our own hearts. Our profession of faith may proclaim the theory of religion, but it is our practical piety that holds forth the word of truth. The consistent life, the holy conversation, the unswerving integrity, the active, benevolent spirit, the godly example,--these are the mediums through which light is conveyed to the world."

• Desire of Ages, p. 122/123 Christ's character in you will see you through the end times.

"In our own strength it is impossible for us to deny the clamors of our fallen nature. Through this channel Satan will bring temptation upon us. Christ knew that the enemy would come to every human being, to take advantage of hereditary weakness, and by his false insinuations to ensnare all whose trust is not in God. And by passing over the ground which man must travel, our Lord has prepared the way for us to overcome. It is not His will that we should be placed at a disadvantage in the conflict with Satan. He would not have us intimidated and discouraged by the assaults of the serpent. "Be of good cheer," He says; "I have overcome the world." John 16:33."

• Testimonies Vol. 4, p. 439 Character traits are transmitted to us from our parents.

"It will be well to remember that tendencies of character are transmitted from parents to children. Meditate seriously upon these things, and then in the fear of God gird on the armor for a life conflict with hereditary tendencies, imitating none but the divine Pattern."