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Revision as of 23:25, 15 February 2021
Sangre y defensas del cuerpo | ||
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Asociación General
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Destreza: 2 Año de introducción: 2000 |
Requisitos
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Para consejos e instrucciones, véase Vida microscópica.
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Human blood consists of about 45% blood cells, and 55% plasma.
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Red blood cells transport oxygen to the rest of the body and carry the carbon dioxide away. Blood carrying oxygen appears bright red. When you cut yourself, your blood is exposed to oxygen in the air, and this is sufficient to cause it to turn color. When little oxygen is present is the blood, it is still red, but it is much darker, tending more towards black. Blood is neither blue nor green inside your veins, but it looks this way sometimes because the veins themselves and pigment in your skin impart a bluish tint.
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Blood clotting occurs in two stages called primary hemostasis and secondary hemostasis. Primary hemostasis begins immediately after the wall of a blood vessel is broken. Platelets in the blood bind to a protein called collagen which is found in the vessel wall. Normally the collagen is hidden from the platelets, but when the blood vessel is broken, it becomes exposed. When the platelets bind with the collagen, it forms a plug which slows the flow of blood through the break in the blood vessel.
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A person acquires immunity to diseases he is exposed to either by contracting the disease or by receiving a vaccination. Vaccinations are weakened forms of the disease-causing pathogen, and they stimulate the immune system to develop a defense against that particular pathogen.
Some diseases, such as influenza, mutate frequently, and the immune system having developed a defense against one strain is not prepared for the new, mutated strain. This is why flu shots are given annually. The vaccine is developed to combat this years version of the flu.
Other diseases such as tetanus and diphtheria require booster shots every 10 years to maintain the body's immunity.
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Encourage your Pathfinders to ask their parents about their immunization records. These days pediatricians usually send immunization records home with the parents, so they should have them somewhere at home.
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that vaccinations be given according to the schedule below. For a more up-to-date schedule, visit the CDC's website.
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An infectious disease is any sickness caused by a biological agent (such as a virus, bacteria, or parasite) as opposed to being caused by a physical agent (such as a burn or a cut).
Here is a list of infectious diseases common today: AIDS, measles, tuberculosis, malaria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, meningitis, chicken pox, influenza (the flu), and hepatitis.
Other infectious diseases have been largely eliminated through the use of vaccines, including polio, smallpox, and diphtheria.
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AIDS is an acronym for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or acquired immune deficiency syndrome and is defined as a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, commonly called HIV. Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus' progression in a human patient, there is no known cure.
AIDS is the most severe manifestation of infection with HIV. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as certain T cells and macrophages. It also destroys T cells. As T cells are required for the proper functioning of the immune system, when enough T cells have been destroyed by HIV, the immune system barely works, leading to AIDS.
The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in people with healthy immune systems. Most of these conditions are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Nearly every organ system is affected.
Three main transmission routes of HIV have been identified:
- Sexual route. The majority of HIV infections have been, and still are, acquired through unprotected sexual relations. Sexual transmission occurs when there is contact between sexual secretions of one partner with the rectal, genital or mouth mucous membranes of another.
- Blood or blood product route. This transmission route is particularly important for intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs and recipients of blood transfusions and blood products. Health care workers (nurses, laboratory workers, doctors etc.) are also concerned, although more rarely. Also concerned by this route are people who give and receive tattoos and piercings.
- Mother-to-child route (vertical transmission). The transmission of the virus from the mother to the child can occur in utero during the last weeks of pregnancy and at childbirth. Breast feeding also presents a risk of infection for the baby. In the absence of treatment, the transmission rate between the mother and child was 20%. However, where treatment is available, combined with the availability of Cesarean section, this has been reduced to 1%.
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References
- Much of the information (and in some cases the text) of this chapter were drawn from the Wikipedia articles on Blood, Blood Type, AIDS, Histamine, Antihistamine, Basolphils, Eosinophils, Nuetrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and others.
- Categoría: Tiene imagen de insignia
- Categoría:Libro de Respuestas de Especialidades JA/Especialidades
- Categoría:Libro de Respuestas de Especialidades JA
- Categoría:Libro de Respuestas de Especialidades JA/Nivel de Destreza 2
- Categoría: Libro de respuestas de especialidades JA/Especialidades introducidas en 2000
- Categoría:Libro de Respuestas de Especialidades JA/Asociación General
- Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Unknown/es
- Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Unknown/Primary/es
- Categoría:Libro de Respuestas de Especialidades JA/Etapa 0
- AY Honors/Prerequisite/Microscopic Life/es
- AY Honors/See Also/Microscopic Life/es
- Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book