AY Honors/Pioneering/Answer Key/es

Pionerismo
Asociación General Actividades recreacionales	Destreza: 2 Año de introducción: 1956

Requisitos

Conexión Logros para la Investidura: Esta especialidad está relacionada con los requisitos de Logros para la Investidura para GUÍA DE NUEVAS FRONTERAS Vida al Aire Libre que requiere el desarrollo completo de esta especialidad o de 4 otras especialidades, no obtenidas previamente.

1

Describir por escrito, oralmente o con imágenes, cómo los primeros pioneros estadounidenses alcanzaban las siguientes necesidades básicas de la vida:

1a

Vivienda y muebles

1b

Vestimenta

1c

Comida

1d

Cocina

1e

Calor y luz

1f

Herramientas y trabajos manuales

1g

Saneamiento

1h

Transporte

2

Construir una pieza de mobiliario útil con amarres. Aprender los siguientes amarres:

2a

Amarre cuadrado

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Square/es

2b

Amarre diagonal

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Diagonal/es

2c

Amarre en ocho

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Shear/es

2d

Amarre continuo

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Lashing/Continuous/es

3

Realizar una de las siguientes actividades:

3a

Tejer una canasta utilizando materiales naturales

Véase la especialidad de Cestería para más instrucción.

3b

Hacer un par de mocasines de cuero

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Make moccasins/es

3c

Hacer un sombrero de dama cosido a mano

3d

Hacer un simple juguete utilizado por los pioneros estadounidenses

4

Saber cómo hacer harina de al menos una planta silvestre para ser utilizada en la cocción al horno.

5

Construir una fogata sin fósforos. Usar materiales naturales de construcción de fogatas. Mantener la fogata durante cinco minutos. Se puede utilizar los siguientes artículos para iniciar el fuego:

5a

Pedernal y acero

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Flint and steel/es

5b

Fricción

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Friction/es

5c

Chispa eléctrica

Nota: Esta técnica, aunque aparece como una opción en los requisitos oficiales, no estaba disponible para los pioneros. Por lo tanto, recomendamos que no se utilice para enseñar esta especialidad.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Electric spark/es

5d

Vidrio curvo (convexo)

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Curved glass/es

5e

Metal partido

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Metal match/es

5f

Aire comprimido

Nota: Al igual que con la técnica de la «chispa eléctrica», los pioneros desconocían este método de encender fuego. Nuevamente, recomendamos no usar esta opción para cumplir con el requisito.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Compressed air/es

6

Mostrar los siguientes conocimientos en las habilidades con el hacha:

6a

Describir las mejores clases de hachas

6b

Mostrar cómo afilar un hacha correctamente

6c

Conocer y practicar las normas de seguridad en el uso de un hacha

6d

Conocer la forma correcta de utilizar un hacha

6e

Cortar debidamente en dos un tronco de al menos ocho pulgadas (20 cm) de grosor

6f

Partir debidamente un trozo de madrea que sea mínimo de ocho pulgadas (20 cm) de diámetro y un pie (30 cm) de largo.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Splitting firewood/es

7

Hacer dos de las siguientes actividades:

7a

Hacer una cuerda de 10 pies (3 metros) de material natural o mecate.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knots/Making rope/es

7b

Demostrar cómo atar 10 nudos útiles para los pioneros estadounidenses y decir cómo fueron utilizados.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Bowline/es

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Bowline on a bight/es

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Clove hitch/es

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Double fishermans/es

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Figure 8/es

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Prusik/es

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Sheepshank/es

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Square/es

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Taut-line hitch

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Knot/Two half hitches

7c

Usando cuerdas y materiales naturales, hacer un dispositivo para mover objetos pesados.

You can make a make-shift block and tackle with nothing more than two sturdy ropes and a tree (or other stationary object). First, take a short length of rope and tie one end around the object you wish to move. Then tie a loop at the other end.

Tie one end of the longer rope around a tree using a bowline. Then tie a slip knot in this rope near the tree. Take the running end of the rope and thread it through the loop you made in the first rope. Then thread it through the slip knot you tied near the tree.

All that remains is to pull on the running end of the longer rope. This setup provides a two-to-one mechanical advantage. For every two meters you pull on the long rope, the object will move one meter closer to the tree.

7d

Construir una adecuada y cómoda letrina.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Latrine

8

Explicar la necesidad de un saneamiento adecuado en relación con los desechos sólidos humanos y el lavado del agua, del cuerpo, la ropa y los platos.

If human waste is not dealt with properly, it can cause disease. It is a small matter for uncontrolled human waste to enter the water supply where it will cause harmful bacteria to multiply. When this happens, anyone using the water internally (i.e., drinking, washing dishes, brushing teeth, etc.) will ingest the bacteria and get sick. Dysentery is a medical condition caused by improper sanitation, and it involves uncontrolled, bloody diarrhea. This causes the body to dehydrate leading to death.

Keeping your body clean is also very important. If you are filthy and you injure yourself, breaking the skin, the filth will readily enter your bloodstream where it can make you sick and cause a painful infection. Infections can kill you if they left untreated.

Dirty clothing can lead to parasitic infestations, such as lice.

Dirty dishes breed bacteria which feast on any food left stuck to the dish. It is then easily transferred to the body when the dish is used for cooking or for eating.

9

Ayudar en la construcción de un puente de troncos o cuerda de 10 pies (3 metros) de largo utilizando amarres.

Log Bridge

The simplest way to make this bridge is with poles. Cut two long poles at least 15 cm in diameter and long enough to span the item to be bridged. Then cut several smaller poles at least 5cm in diameter and approximately 60 cm long. Place the long poles over the gap to be spanned such that the short poles can lay across them, overhanging by 3-5cm on both sides. Then use continuous lashing to attach the short poles to the long ones. A rope hand rail can be added for additional balance.

Rope Bridge

10

Conocer cuatro maneras de mantener bello los lugares al aire libre.

• Pick up litter.
• Stay on the trail.
• Use "Leave no Trace" camping techniques.
• Write letters to your elected government representatives about environmental issues.
• Prefer pollution-free recreation activities (biking and hiking over ATV's, canoes and kayaks over motor boats and jet skis, cross country skis over snow mobiles).
• Take only pictures, leave only footprints. That means you don't pick wildflowers or destroy plants. It's generally OK to harvest the fruiting body of a plant (i.e., berries).
• Use a camp stove instead of a campfire when camping. This will eliminate the need to gather firewood and will not leave a fire ring.

11

Hacer dos de las siguientes actividades:

11a

Hacer una vela de cera u otra forma de luz utilizada por los pioneros estadounidenses.

See the Candlemaking honor for instruction. Why not earn it while you're at it?

11b

Hacer un lote de jabón.

Note that this is also a major requirement for the Soap Craft - Advanced honor.

See also the on making soap.

11c

Ordeñar una vaca.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Milk a cow

11d

Hacer mantequilla.

This can be done when sitting around the campfire. Get a half pint of heavy cream (45% milk fat) and place it in a sealable container with a wide mouth, such as a Tupperware vessel or glass jar with a tight fitting lid. Place a marble (or similar object) in the container with the cream and seal it up tight. (Optional) Then pass it around the campfire having everyone shake it for a minute or two. After ten to fifteen minutes, the container should have two things in it: butter, and buttermilk. You can pour off the buttermilk (save it for biscuits or pancakes in the morning) and you are left with solid butter. The butter solids can then be "washed" by kneading out the pockets of buttermilk with the back of a large spoon. When most of the remaining buttermilk has been worked out, you may salt it to taste and spread it on fresh baked bread. Delicious!

11e

Hacer una pluma y escribir con ella.

Quill pen

If you don't happen to have a flock of geese from which to pluck feathers, you can always buy them at a craft supply store. Select a feather that is about 30 cm long. The first step in making a quill pen is to temper the shaft. This can be done by heating a tin can filled with sand in an oven at 175°C for 15 minutes. If camping, you can do this in a campfire as well. Carefully remove the can from the heat and jam the end of the feather into the sand as far as it will go. Let it sit there until the sand cools. This will cause the transparent shaft of the feather to become opaque.

Strip some of the "hair" off the feather so that it will not get in the way of the writer's hand. 5 to 7.5 cm will do fine. Hold the feather in your hand to see how it wants to orient itself. Unlike a modern pen, one portion of the feather's shaft will be the "top". Usually, the feather will curve over the hand as you hold it.

This page has a good description, but we'd need to put it in our own words. http://www.flick.com/~liralen/quills/quills.html

11f

Hacer una muñeca con las hojas de maíz.

For this you will need an ear of corn, still in the husk, a bit twine, and some cloth. Choose one with as much stem attached as you can, up to the intended height of the doll.

Peel the husk back, trying to tear as little of it apart as you can. Fold the husk over the stem. Once all the husk has been folded back, you can chop the corn cob off with a sharp knife. Discard the silks. Tie a piece of twine around the husk an inch or so below the point from which the cob was cut. Tighten it up as much as you can. This will form the neck line. Tie another piece of twine about the middle to form a waist. Then use the cloth to make a dress for the doll. (A bonnet conceals the unfortunate fact that your doll is bald.) Draw some eyes, a nose, and a mouth on the doll's face using a marker, or for a more authentic look, use a piece of charcoal.

11g

Ayudar en hacer un edredón.

For instruction, see the Quilting honor.

12

Conocer cinco remedios caseros de plantas silvestres y explicar sus usos.

Warning: We recommend that extreme caution be exercised with regard to these remedies. Some of them are harmless enough (jewelweed, balsam fir, coltsfoot, and garlic), while others are potentially fatal (boneset, feverfew). All medicines are poisonous if the dosage is exceeded, and the amount of the active ingredient found in wild plants is obviously not labeled.

Jewelweed

The juice from this plant was used as a treatment for poison ivy. However, modern medicine has shown that jewelweed is no more effective than a placebo for treating poison ivy.

Willow

The bark from the willow tree contains salicylic acid, an ingredient in aspirin. Chewing on willow shoots, twigs, branches, or bark was used as a pain reliever.

Balsam fir

The resin of the balsam fir is used to produce Canada balsam, and was traditionally used as a cold remedy.

Coltsfoot

The leaves of the coltsfoot plant were used for making tea or hard candy. Both were used as a cough medicine. Again, modern medicine has shown that this treatment is not efficacious.

Boneset

Boneset, although poisonous to humans and grazing livestock, has been used in folk medicine, for instance to excrete excess uric acid which causes gout. It has many more presumed beneficial uses, including treatment of dengue fever, arthritis, certain infectious diseases, migraine, intestinal worms, malaria, and diarrhea. Boneset infusions are also considered an excellent remedy for influenza. Scientific research of these applications is rudimentary at present, however. Caution is advised when using boneset, since it contains toxic compounds that can cause liver damage. Side effects include muscular tremors, weakness, and constipation; overdoses may be deadly.

Feverfew

Feverfew has been used for reducing fever, for treating headaches, arthritis and digestive problems.

Garlic

Garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, dating at least as far back as the time that the Egyptian pyramids were built. Garlic is claimed to help prevent heart disease including atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and cancer.

13

Realizar una de las siguientes actividades:

13a

Ayudar en la construcción de una balsa, utilizando amarres. Hacer un viaje en el río por cinco millas (ocho kilómetros) con esta balsa.

The greatest problem you will need to overcome when building a raft from logs is that logs are very close to having neutral buoyancy, meaning that they do float, but only barely. To deal with this, you will need a great many number of logs.

Gather about 20 logs that are about 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) in diameter, and 16-20 feet (5-6 meters) long. Dry logs are better because they are lighter, and thus have greater buoyancy. You will build the raft upside-down, and then flip it over into the water. It will be very heavy (weighing literally as much as 20 or so logs), so you will want to build it right at the edge of the river.

Lay two of these logs parallel to one another and spaced such that the rest of the logs can lay on top of them perpendicularly. These are the "base" logs. Then lay all but two of the remaining logs on the base logs (and perpendicular to them) in a pile only three feet (3 meters) wide near one end of the base logs. Lash them together as a bundle onto the base logs. Lash the one of the remaining logs to the other end of the base logs, and lash the last one diagonally to prevent racking.

This video should make all the steps fairly clear:

The important point is that the raft gets its flotation from a bundle of logs rather than from a single layer. A single-layer raft will float until someone gets on it. It will still float even with someone on it, but its top surface will be below the water line, making it very difficult to maneuver.

We recommend that the raft be accompanied by other watercraft, such as canoes or john boats. You should also carefully scout the river before committing the raft to it, ensuring there are no rapids.

Because this trip is not an over-nighter, you will be able to use the canoes to carry people instead of gear. Plan on enough canoe capacity to carry everyone in the party just in case the raft is not able to complete the journey (it happens). Assume that each canoe can carry three or four people.

Make sure everyone wears something they can get wet (such as a swimsuit), as well as sandals, river shoes, or old tennis shoes. Personal Floatation Devices (PFDs, also known as life-jackets) are an absolute must, and should be worn at all times while on the water. Under no circumstances should you allow anyone to board the watercraft (especially the raft) without a PFD.

13b

Con un vaquero experimentado, participar en un viaje a caballo de dos días, 15 millas (25 kilómetros), llevando todos los suministros necesarios en un caballo que ha aprendido a cargar.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Horseback Trip

13c

Con un líder experimentado, participar en un viaje en canoa de dos días, 15 millas (25 kilómetros), llevando todos los suministros necesarios.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Canoe trip

13d

Con un líder experimentado, participar en un viaje con mochila de dos días, 15 millas (25 kilómetros), llevando todos los suministros necesarios.

Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Backpack trip