|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{otheruses5|4=Flies (disambiguation)}} | + | {{Species id |
| − | {{Taxobox
| + | | common_name = Flies |
| − | | name = Flies | + | | image = Diptera1.jpg |
| − | | image = Housefly_anatomy-key.svg | + | | latin_name = Diptera |
| − | | image_caption = Anatomy of a Housefly. I: head; II: thorax III: abdomen. — 1: prescutum; 2: anterior [[spiracle]]; 3: [[Scute|scutum]]; 4: basicosta; 5: [[calypter]]s; 6: [[scutellum]]; 7: wing vein; 8: wing; 9: abdominal segment; 10: [[haltere]]; 11: posterior [[spiracle]]; 12: femur; 13: tibia; 14: spur; 15: tarsus; 16: propleuron; 17: prosternum; 18: mesopleuron; 19: mesosternum; 20: metapleuron; 21: metasternum; 22: Compound eye; 23: [[Antenna (biology)|arista]]; 24: antenna; 25: [[Mouthparts|maxillary palps]]; 26: labium; 27: labellum; 28:pseudotracheae. | + | | order = '''Diptera''' |
| − | | image_width = 240px
| + | | description = |
| − | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | |
| − | | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| |
| − | | classis = [[Insect]]a
| |
| − | | subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
| |
| − | | infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
| |
| − | | superordo = [[Endopterygota]]
| |
| − | | ordo = '''Diptera'''
| |
| − | | ordo_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]] | |
| − | | subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| |
| − | | subdivision =
| |
| − | [[Nematocera]] (includes [[Eudiptera]])<br>
| |
| − | [[Brachycera]]
| |
| − | }}
| |
| | | | |
| − | True '''flies''' are [[insect]]s of the Order '''Diptera''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''di'' = two, and ''pteron'' = wing), possessing a single pair of [[insect wing|wings]] on the [[mesothorax]] and a pair of [[haltere]]s, derived from the hind wings, on the [[metathorax]]. The common [[housefly]] is a true fly and is one of the most widely distributed of [[animal]]s.
| + | The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, butterflies, etc. |
| | | | |
| − | The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from other insects with "fly" in their name, such as [[mayfly|mayflies]], [[dragonfly|dragonflies]], [[damselfly|damselflies]], [[stonefly|stoneflies]], [[whitefly|whiteflies]], [[firefly|fireflies]], [[alderfly|alderflies]], [[dobsonfly|dobsonflies]], [[snakefly|snakeflies]], [[sawfly|sawflies]], [[caddisfly|caddisflies]], [[butterfly|butterflies]] or [[scorpionfly|scorpionflies]]. Some true flies have become secondarily wingless, especially in the superfamily [[Hippoboscoidea]], or among those that are [[inquiline]]s in social insect colonies.
| + | It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species of mosquitos, gnats, midges and others, although under half of these (about 120,000 species) have been described. It is one of the major insect orders both in terms of ecological and human (medical and economic) importance. The Diptera, in particular the mosquitoes (Culicidae), are of great importance as disease transmitters, acting as vectors for malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, yellow fever and other infectious diseases. |
| − | | + | }} |
| − | It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 [[species]] of [[mosquito]]s, [[gnat]]s, [[midge (insect)|midges]] and others, although under half of these (about 120,000 species) have been described <ref>{{cite web |author=B. M. Wiegmann & D. K. Yeates |year=1996 |title=Tree of Life: Diptera |url=http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/ftp/bwiegman/fly_html/diptera.html#about}}</ref>. It is one of the major insect orders both in terms of ecological and human (medical and economic) importance. The Diptera, in particular the mosquitoes ([[Culicidae]]), are of great importance as disease transmitters, acting as vectors for [[malaria]], [[dengue]], [[West Nile virus]], [[yellow fever]] and other infectious diseases. | |
| − | | |
| − | ==Ecology==
| |
| − | Diptera are a diverse order with an enormous range of ecological roles. Every type of [[trophic level]] pattern can be seen in the Diptera. Dipteran [[predator]]s include the [[robber fly|robber flies]] (Asilidae).<ref>{{cite web |author=F. Geller-Grimm |url=http://www.geller-grimm.de/general.htm |title=Information on robber flies}}</ref> A variety of [[herbivore]]s can be found in the Diptera, such as the economically important fruit flies ([[Tephritidae]]). Flies are often parasites, including [[endoparasite|internal parasites]] such as the [[bot fly]] and [[ectoparasite|external parasites]] such as the [[mosquito]], [[black fly]], [[sand fly]] or [[Hippoboscidae|louse fly]]. [[Myiasis]] is the special term for diseases cause by flies (such as the [[Cochliomyia hominivorax|screw worm fly]]) infecting living tissue. Many flies eat dead organic matter ([[detritovores]]), plant or animal remains. This is especially common in the larval stage, seen in the filter-feeding [[mosquito]]es and [[black flies]], the dung-feeding blow flies ([[Calliphoridae]]), or the organic deposit feeding [[rat-tailed maggot]]. A number of taxa feed on blood, including [[horse fly|horse flies]] and [[mosquito]]es.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Some flies can be important [[pollinator]]s for many species of plant (many such fly-specialized plants, such as ''[[Stapelia]]'', ''[[Rafflesia]]'', and ''[[Aristolochia]]'', produce [[carrion]] odors), and many flies feed on [[pollen]] and [[nectar]] of common plants, and can perform incidental pollination. Similar relationships occur between flies and various [[fungi]], with flies dispersing the fungal [[spore]]s.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The basic fly life cycle is egg, larvae (maggots — see below), pupa and adult (winged stage), called [[holometabolism]]. There is often a difference in food sources for larvae versus adult dipterans of the same species. For example, [[mosquito]] larvae live in standing water and feed on detritus while the adults feed on nectar as their energy source while females utilize blood as their energy source for egg production. Various maggots cause damage in [[agriculture|agricultural]] crop production, including [[root maggot]]s in [[rapeseed]], [[midge (insect)|midge]] maggots in [[wheat]], and numerous species of [[leaf miner]]s (note that since fly maggots have no legs, they almost exclusively feed internally on plants).
| |
| − | | |
| − | Flies rely heavily on sight for survival. The [[compound eye]]s of flies are composed of thousands of individual lenses and are very sensitive to movement. Some flies have very accurate 3D vision. A few, like ''[[Ormia ochracea]]'', have very advanced hearing organs.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Classification ==
| |
| − | {{see also|List of families of Diptera}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Image:Diptera1.jpg|thumb|400px|A poster with sixteen different species of flies]]
| |
| − | There are two generally accepted suborders of Diptera. The [[Nematocera]] are usually recognized by their elongated bodies and feathery antennae as represented by mosquitoes and crane flies. The [[Brachycera]] tend to have a more roundly proportioned body and very short antennae. A more recent classification has been proposed in which the Nematocera is split into two suborders, the [[Archidiptera]] and the [[Eudiptera]], but this has not yet gained widespread acceptance among dipterists.
| |
| − | | |
| − | #Suborder [[Nematocera]] (77 families, 35 of them extinct) – long antennae, [[pronotum]] distinct from [[mesonotum]]. In Nematocera, larvae are either eucephalic or hemicephalic and often aquatic.
| |
| − | #Suborder [[Brachycera]] (141 families, 8 of them extinct) – short antennae, the [[pupa]] is inside a puparium formed from the last [[larva]]l skin. Brachycera are generally robust flies with larvae having reduced mouthparts.
| |
| − | ##Infraorders [[Tabanomorpha]] and [[Asilomorpha]] – these comprise the majority of what was the [[Orthorrhapha]] under older classification schemes. The antennae are short, but differ in structure from those of the [[Muscomorpha]].
| |
| − | ##Infraorder [[Muscomorpha]] – (largely the [[Cyclorrhapha]] of older schemes). Muscomorpha have 3-segmented, aristate (with a bristle) [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] and larvae with three [[instar]]s that are acephalic (maggots).
| |
| − | Most of the Muscomorpha are further subdivided into the [[Acalyptratae]] and [[Calyptratae]] based on whether or not they have a calypter (a wing flap that extends over the halteres).
| |
| − | | |
| − | Beyond that, considerable revision in the taxonomy of the flies has taken place since the introduction of modern cladistic techniques, and much remains uncertain. The secondary ranks between the suborders and the families are more out of practical or historical considerations than out of any strict respect for phylogenetic classifications (some modern cladists tend to spurn the use of Linnaean rank names). Nearly all classifications in use now, including this article, contain some [[paraphyletic]] groupings; this is emphasized where the numerous alternative systems are most greatly at odds. See [[list of families of Diptera]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | Dipterans belong to the group [[Mecopterida]], that also contains [[Mecoptera]], [[Siphonaptera]], [[Lepidoptera]] and [[Trichoptera]]. Inside it, they are sometimes classified closely together with [[Mecoptera]] and [[Siphonaptera]] in the superorder [[Antliophora]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=102510 |title=Taxon: Superorder Antliophora |work=The Taxonomicon |accessdate=2007-08-21}}</ref>.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Evolution==
| |
| − | Diptera are among the most evolved insects, and are usually thought to derive from [[Mecoptera]] or a strictly related group. First true dipterans are known from the Middle [[Triassic]], becoming widespread during the Middle and Late Triassic <ref>{{cite book |url=http://palaeoentomolog.ru/New/diptera.html |chapter=Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies |author=V. A. Blagoderov, E. D. Lukashevich & M. B. Mostovski |title=History of Insects |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |id=ISBN 1-4020-0026-X |editor=A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke |year=2002}}</ref>.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Flies in culture==
| |
| − | Flies have often been used in [[mythology]] and [[literature]] to represent agents of death and decay, such as the Biblical [[Plagues of Egypt|fourth plague of Egypt]], or portrayed as nuisances (e.g., in [[Greek mythology]], [[Myiagros]] was a god who chased away flies during the sacrifices to [[Zeus]] and [[Athena]], and [[Zeus]] sent a fly to bite the horse [[Pegasus]] causing [[Bellerophon]] to fall back to Earth when he attempted to ride to [[Mount Olympus (Mountain)|Mount Olympus]]), though in a few cultures the connotation is not so negative (e.g., in the traditional [[Navajo people|Navajo]] religion, [[Big Fly]] is an important spirit being). [[Emily Dickinson]]'s poem "I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died" also makes reference to flies in the context of death.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Not surprisingly, in art and entertainment, flies are also used primarily to introduce elements of horror or the simply mundane; an example of the former is the 1958 science fiction film ''[[The Fly (1958 film)|The Fly]]'' (remade in [[The Fly (1986 film)|1986]]), in which a scientist accidentally exchanges parts of his body with those of a fly. Examples of the latter include [[trompe l'oeil]] paintings of the [[15th century]] such as ''Portrait of a Carthusian'' by [[Petrus Christus]], showing a fly sitting on a fake frame <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/optg/hod_49.7.19.htm |title=Portrait of a Carthusian, 1446 |work=Timeline of Art History |publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |date=October 2006}}</ref>, a 2001 art project by [[Garnet Hertz]] in which a complete [[web server]] was implanted into a dead fly[http://www.conceptlab.com/fly/], and various musical works (such as [[Yoko Ono]]'s album ''[[Fly (Yoko Ono album)|Fly]]'', [[U2]]'s song "[[The Fly (U2 song)|The Fly]]," and [[Dave Matthews]]' song "[[The Fly (Dave Matthews song)|The Fly]]"). The ability of flies to cling to almost any surface has also inspired the title of ''[[Human Fly]]'' for stunt performers who stunts involve climbing buildings, including both real life and fictional individuals.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Aside from the fictional and conceptual role flies play in culture, however, there are practical roles that flies can play (e.g., flies are reared in large numbers in [[Japan]] to serve as [[pollinator]]s of [[sunflower]]s in greenhouses), especially the [[maggot]]s of various species.
| |
| − | ===Maggots===
| |
| − | {{further|[[Maggot]]}}
| |
| − | [[Image:Maggots.jpg|right|220px|thumb|[[Maggot]]s being used to treat a wound]]
| |
| − | Some types of maggots found on corpses can be of great use to [[forensic science|forensic scientists]]. By their stage of development, these maggots can be used to give an indication of the time elapsed since death, as well as the place the organism died. The size of the house fly maggot is 10–20 [[millimetre|mm]] (⅜–¾ [[inch|in]]). At the height of the summer season, a generation of flies (egg to adult) may be produced in 12–14 days.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Other types of maggots are bred commercially, as a popular bait in [[angling]], and a food for carnivorous pets such as [[reptiles]] or [[birds]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | Maggots have been [[maggot therapy|used in medicine]] to clean out [[necrosis|necrotic]] [[wound]]s <ref>{{cite web |author=Ronald A. Sherman, MD, MSC, University of California (1998)©|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/417382_print|title=Maggot use of necrotic wounds}}</ref>, and in food production, particularly of cheeses ([[casu marzu]]).
| |
| − | | |
| − | <gallery>
| |
| − | image:Medfly.jpg|''[[Ceratitis capitata]]'', "Mediterranean fruit fly"
| |
| − | image:Anopheles gambiae mosquito feeding 1354.p lores.jpg|''[[Anopheles gambiae]]''
| |
| − | image:Long tongue tachinid fly edit.jpg|[[Tachinidae|Tachinid fly]]
| |
| − | </gallery>
| |
| − | | |
| − | == References ==
| |
| − | {{reflist}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Biology===
| |
| − | *[[Harold Oldroyd]] ''The Natural History of Flies''. New York: W. W. Norton.1965.
| |
| − | *[[Eugène Séguy]] ''Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe'' (Collection of biological and systematic studies on Diptera of the World). 11 vols. Text figs. ''Part of Encyclopedie Entomologique'', Serie B II: Diptera. 1924-1953.
| |
| − | * Eugène Seguy. ''La Biologie des Dipteres'' 1950. pp. 609. 7 col + 3 b/w plates, 225 text figs.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Classification===
| |
| − | *Colless, D.H. & McAlpine, D.K.1991 ''Diptera (flies)'' , pp. 717-786. In: The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra (spons.), The insects of Australia.Melbourne Univ. Press, Melbourne.
| |
| − | *Griffiths, G.C.D. ''The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, withspecial reference to the structure of the male postabdomen.'' Ser. Ent. 8, 340 pp. [Dr. W. Junk, N. V., The Hague] (1972).
| |
| − | *[[Willi Hennig]] ''Die Larvenformen der Dipteren''. 3. Teil. Akad.-Verlag, Berlin. 185 pp., 3 pls. 1948
| |
| − | *Willi Hennig (1954) Flugelgeader und System der Dipteren unter Berucksichtigung der aus dem Mesozoikum beschriebenen Fossilien. ''Beitr. Ent.'' 4: 245-388 (1954).
| |
| − | *{{cite web |url=http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/names/BDWDsour.pdf |title=Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies) |author=F. Christian Thompson |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], Systematic Entomology Laboratory}}
| |
| − | *Willi Hennig: Diptera (Zweifluger). ''Handb. Zool. Berl''. 4 (2 ) (31):1-337. General introduction with key to World Families. In German.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Evolution===
| |
| − | *Blagoderov, V.A., Lukashevich, E.D. & Mostovski, M.B. 2002. [http://palaeoentomolog.ru/New/diptera.html Order Diptera]. In: [[Alex Rasnitsyn|Rasnitsyn, A.P.]] and Quicke, D.L.J. The History of Insects, Kluwer Publ., Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 227-240.
| |
| − | </div>
| |
| − | {{Wikispecies|Diptera}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | {{commonscat|Diptera}}
| |
| − | *[http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/biosys.htm The Diptera Site]
| |
| − | *[http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat/ The Bishop Museum Catalog of Fossil Diptera]
| |
| − | *[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Diptera The Tree of Life Project]
| |
| − | *{{dmoz|Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Animalia/Arthropoda/Insecta/Diptera/|Diptera}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Flies| ]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Insects]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[zh-min-nan:Hô͘-sîn]]
| |
| − | [[ca:Mosca]]
| |
| − | [[da:Tovinger]]
| |
| − | [[de:Zweiflügler]]
| |
| − | [[et:Kahetiivalised]]
| |
| − | [[el:Μύγα]]
| |
| − | [[es:Diptera]]
| |
| − | [[eo:Dipteroj]]
| |
| − | [[fa:دوبالان]]
| |
| − | [[fr:Diptera]]
| |
| − | [[ko:파리류]]
| |
| − | [[it:Diptera]]
| |
| − | [[he:זבובאים]]
| |
| − | [[la:Diptera]]
| |
| − | [[lt:Dvisparniai]]
| |
| − | [[nl:Tweevleugeligen]]
| |
| − | [[ja:ハエ目]]
| |
| − | [[no:Tovinger]]
| |
| − | [[pl:Muchówki]]
| |
| − | [[pt:Diptera]]
| |
| − | [[ro:Muscă (insectă)]]
| |
| − | [[ru:Двукрылые]]
| |
| − | [[sl:Dvokrilci]]
| |
| − | [[fi:Kaksisiipiset]]
| |
| − | [[sv:Tvåvingar]]
| |
| − | [[th:แมลงวัน]]
| |
| − | [[uk:Двокрилі]]
| |
| − | [[yo:Esinsin]]
| |
| − | [[zh:雙翅目]]
| |
