AY Honors/Soap Craft - Advanced/Answer Key 2

Soap Craft - Advanced

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Contents

1. Have the Soap Craft Honor.

For tips and instruction see Soap Craft.

2. What safety equipment should be used when making soap with and without lye?

With lye - Safety glasses, long sleeves, long pants, gloves, close toe shoes, hair net or head covering, mask, accurate scale

Without Lye - Pot holder, hair net or hair covering, gloves, accurate scale.

3. Name three types of lye. Explain what lye is and why it is needed to make soap.

sodium hydroxide (NaOH) - potassium hydroxide (KOH) lithium Hydroxide (LiOH)

Additionally rubidium Hydroxide (RbOH) caesium hydroxide (CsOH)

Lye is a strong alkali which is highly soluble in water producing caustic basic solutions. The Lye is need to react with the fat to form a new product which is a surfactants. Surfactants are molecules that spontaneously bond with each other, in the case of Lye and fact they form soap.

4. Describe what happens when a strong base is added to an oil or fat. What is it called?

When a triglyceride (fat, oil or lipid) is treated with a strong base (lye), it cleaves the ester bond, releasing fatty acid salts (soaps) and glycerol.

          Saponification

5. What makes “hard” soap versus “soft” soap?

Hard soap is made with sodium hydroxide where soft/liquid soap is made with potassium hydroxide.

6. What types of fats can be used in making soap?

Vegetable such as olive oil, corn, palm, coconut.

Also animal fats such a tallow and lard.

7. What is used in making soap transparent?

Transparent soap is simply hot process soap that uses solvents (sugar, glycerin and alcohol) to dissolve the soap crystals that form allowing light to pass, therefore creating transparency.

8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of soap and detergent?

Soap is biodegradable, derived from natural sources but is does not work well in cold water and forms soap scum. Detergent works in all temperatures and in saline water, does not form scum but it is not biodegradable and make from syntactic materials.

9. What makes soap float?

Air is whipped into the soap as it hardens.

10. Learn the following verses: Jeremiah 2:22, Malachi 3:2.

For though you wash yourself with lye, and use much soap, yet your iniquity is marked before Me,” says the Lord God.
— Jeremiah 2:22 (NKJV)

“But who can endure the day of His coming? And who can stand when He appears? For He is like a refiner’s fire and like launderers’ soap.
— Malachi 3:2 (NKJV)

11. Identify some things that can be added to soap.

Essential oils, perfumes, seeds as scrubbers, colorants