Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Seeds/fr

2022-06-22T07:43:01Z

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{{HonorLanding
|skill=1
|year=1961
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Seeds AY Honor.png
|master1=Naturalist
|master_group1=Flora
}}

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AY Honors/Seeds/es

2022-06-22T07:42:59Z

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{{HonorLanding
|skill=1
|year=1961
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Seeds AY Honor.png
|master1=Naturalist
|master_group1=Flora
}}

== {{Localize|Overview}}==

¡Las semillas son milagrosas! ¡Es asombroso que algo tan pequeño y que parece tan muerto sea en realidad un ser vivo que puede brotar y convertirse en la más poderosa de las plantas!

{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Friend/Nature_Study/es|AMIGO Estudio de la naturaleza]]|(como una de dos opciones) hacer una colección de 15 diferentes clases de semillas como está escrito en el requisito #9 de esta especialidad|Esta especialidad es una elección popular para la especialidad de la categoría de Estudio de la naturaleza de nivel de destreza 1 requerido para los AMIGOS DE LA NATURALEZA.}}

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AY Honors/Seeds/pt-br

2022-06-22T07:42:57Z

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{{HonorLanding
|skill=1
|year=1961
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Seeds AY Honor.png
|master1=Naturalist
|master_group1=Flora
}}

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AY Honors/Seeds/en

2022-06-22T07:42:53Z

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{{HonorLanding
|skill=1
|year=1961
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Seeds AY Honor.png
|master1=Naturalist
|master_group1=Flora
}}

== {{Localize|Overview}}==

Seeds are miraculous! It's amazing that something so small and that looks so dead is actually a living thing that can sprout and grow into the mightiest of plants!

{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Friend/Nature_Study|FRIEND Nature Study]]|(as one of two options) collecting 15 different seeds. This collection partly fulfills this honor's Requirement #9|This Honor is a popular choice for the required Level 1 Nature honor required of TRAIL FRIENDS.}}

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2022-06-22T07:42:01Z

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AY Honors/Seeds/es

2022-06-22T07:42:00Z

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== {{Localize|Overview}}==

¡Las semillas son milagrosas! ¡Es asombroso que algo tan pequeño y que parece tan muerto sea en realidad un ser vivo que puede brotar y convertirse en la más poderosa de las plantas!

{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Friend/Nature_Study/es|AMIGO Estudio de la naturaleza]]|(como una de dos opciones) hacer una colección de 15 diferentes clases de semillas como está escrito en el requisito #9 de esta especialidad|Esta especialidad es una elección popular para la especialidad de la categoría de Estudio de la naturaleza de nivel de destreza 1 requerido para los AMIGOS DE LA NATURALEZA.}}

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AY Honors/Seeds/fr

2022-06-22T07:42:00Z

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AY Honors/Seeds/en

2022-06-22T07:42:00Z

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== {{Localize|Overview}}==

Seeds are miraculous! It's amazing that something so small and that looks so dead is actually a living thing that can sprout and grow into the mightiest of plants!

{{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Friend/Nature_Study|FRIEND Nature Study]]|(as one of two options) collecting 15 different seeds. This collection partly fulfills this honor's Requirement #9|This Honor is a popular choice for the required Level 1 Nature honor required of TRAIL FRIENDS.}}

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AY Honors/Amphibians/Answer Key/en

2022-06-11T20:30:58Z

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Amphibians live half of their lives in water and half on land. They are cold-blooded vertebrates. Amphibians are able to breathe through their skin, making them very sensitive to anything they come in contact with, including human hands. When observing amphibians, one should never touch them. Amphibians have toes rather than claws.

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;Order Anura (frogs and toads): Adult frogs and toads are characterized by long hind legs, a short body, webbed digits, protruding eyes and the absence of a tail. Most have a semi-aquatic lifestyle, but move easily on land by jumping or climbing. They typically lay their eggs in puddles, ponds or lakes; and their larvae, called tadpoles, have gills and develop in water.

;Order Caudata (newts and salamanders): Caudata have slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. The moist skin of the amphibians fits them to habitats either near water or under some protection on moist ground, usually in a forest. Some species are aquatic throughout life, some take to the water intermittently, and some are entirely terrestrial as adults. Salamanders superficially resemble lizards, but are easily distinguished by their lack of scales. They are capable of regenerating lost limbs.

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The use of the common names "frog" and "toad" has no taxonomic justification. From a taxonomic perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family Bufonidae are considered "true toads". The use of the term "frog" in common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi-aquatic with smooth or moist skins, and the term "toad" generally refers to species that tend to be terrestrial with dry, warty skin. An exception is the Fire-bellied toad (''Bombina bombina''): while its skin is slightly warty, it prefers a watery habitat.

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The first line of defense for amphibians is to not be seen by a potential predator. The small size and coloration of many species help in this regard, but sometimes, rather than blending in, frogs are very brightly colored. The coloration in this case serves as a warning, for these frogs are poisonous.

Many frogs contain mild toxins that make them distasteful to potential predators. For example, all toads have large poison glands—the parotid glands—located behind the eyes on the top of the head. Some frogs, such as some poison dart frogs, are especially toxic.

Salamanders have the ability to detach their tails at will. When a predator captures a salamander by the tail, the salamander detaches its tail and escapes. The tail ''regenerates'' or grows back.

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An internet search should find a government, or university sponsored list of amphibians in your local area. Alternatively look for an amphibian field guide that focuses on your province, state, country or region. You should define your "locality" in whatever way best matches the list you find. For example:

[http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/frogwatch/whoswho/#region Amphibians by region in British Columbia]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_California Amphibians in California]

{{TODO|Expand this section to include more species}}

{{Species id
| latin_name=Cryptobranchidae
| common_name=Giant salamander
| image =Andrias_japonicus_pair.jpg
| range =A single species, the hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) occurs in the eastern United States, while Asian species occur in both China and Japan. They are the largest living amphibians known today. The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus), reaches up to 1.44 m (4.7 ft), feeds on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity.[2] The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) can reach a length of 1.8 m (5.9 ft).
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name=Notophthalmus viridescens
| common_name=Eastern newt
| image =Redspotted_newt.jpg
| range =common newt of eastern North America. They frequent small lakes, ponds, and streams or near-by wet forests. They can coexist in an aquatic environment with small, noncarnivorous fish, as their skin secretes a poisonous substance when the newt is threatened or injured. They have lifespans of 12 to 15 years in the wild, and may grow to five inches in length. These newts are common aquarium pets, being either collected from the wild or purchased. The bright orange juvenile stage, which is land-dwelling, is often known as the red eft. Some sources blend the general name of the species and the red-spotted newt subspecies name into eastern red-spotted newt (although there is no "western" one).
}}
{{Species id
| latin_name=Gymnophiona
| common_name=Caecilians
| image =Dermophis mexicanus.jpg
| range =Caecilians are found in wet tropical regions of Southeast Asia, India and Sri Lanka, parts of East and West Africa, the Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean and in northern and eastern South America.
| description=Caecilians completely lack limbs, making the smaller species resemble worms, while the larger species with lengths up to {{units|1.5 meters |5 feet}} resemble snakes. The tail is short or absent. They have a strong skull, with a pointed snout used to force their way through soil or mud.[2] In most species, the number of bones in the skull are reduced and fused together, and the mouth is recessed under the head. Owing to their underground life, the eyes are small and covered by skin for protection, which has led to the misconception that they are blind. This is not strictly true, although their sight is limited to simple dark-light perception. All caecilians possess a pair of tentacles, located between their eyes and nostrils. These are probably used for a second olfactory capability, in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Rana catesbeianus
| common_name = Bullfrog
| image = Bullfrog - natures pics.jpg
| range = The American Bull Frog is native to North America. They are found in the United States, Canada and Mexico, east of the Rocky Mountains, but have been introduced to many other localities throughout the world. In Europe and the western U.S., measures are often taken to control its spread because it competes with, and often drives out, native species.
|description = The bull frog is a large species that has many similarities to its 'sister species' of toad, and can grow to a length of 6 inches (15 cm) with a weight of up to 1.5 lb (750 g). Females are typically larger than males. They are generally varying shades of green or brown, with dark brown, dark green, or black blotching and a yellow or white underside. Bull frogs are carnivorous and will consume almost anything that fits into their mouth which they can overpower, including insects, small mammals, fish, snakes, and even other frogs. They tend to eat more dragonflies than flies. The adult frog can live up to 13 years.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Bufo americanus
| common_name = American Toad
| image = Bufo americanusPCCA20060417-3352B.jpg
| range = The American toad is a common species of toad found throughout the eastern United States and Canada.
|description = The American toad is a medium sized toad usually found in the range from 2 to over 3 1/2 inches. The color and pattern is somewhat variable. The Eastern American toad has spots that contain only one to two warts. It also has enlarged warts on the tibia or lower leg below the knee. While the belly is usually spotted, it is generally more so on the forward half (in some rare individuals there may be few or no spots).
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Hyla versicolor
| common_name = Grey Tree Frog
| image = Bufo 6759.jpg
| range = Grey tree frogs inhabit a wide range, and can be found in most of the eastern half of the United States, as far west as central Texas. They also range into Canada in the provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, with an isolated population in New Brunswick.
| description = Grey tree frogs live primarily in trees, spending time in wooded areas, usually not far from a permanent water source. On rainy evenings they can often be found calling in or near shallow, temporary pools of water. They are nocturnal and insectivorous, consuming most any small arthropod they can catch. Mating occurs throughout the spring and summer months.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Pseudacris crucifer
| common_name = Spring Peeper
| image = Pseudacris crucifer01.jpg
| range = There are two subspecies of the spring peeper, the northern (P. c. crucifer) and the southern spring peeper (P. c. bartramiana). The northern is similar to the southern except for a strong dark marking on the southern frog's belly. The southern spring peeper is limited to northern Florida and southern Georgia, while the northern can be found all over the east of the USA and eastern Canada.
| description = The spring peeper is a small frog, attaining an adult size between 0.75 and 1.5 inches (up to 40mm) long. They have a dark cross on their backs roughly in the shape of an "X", though sometimes the marking may be indistinct. The color variations of the spring peeper are mostly tan, brown, olive green, or gray. Females are lighter-colored, while males are slightly smaller and usually have dark throats. Spring peepers are nocturnal frogs, so they are mostly heard but not seen. And they are especially easy to hear due to their extremely loud mating call which gives them the name "peeper".
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Lithobates sylvaticus
| common_name = Wood Frog
| image = Rana sylvatica.jpg
| range = Wood Frogs are found from northern Georgia and in isolated colonies in the central highlands in the eastern to central parts of Alabama, up through the northeastern United States, and all the way across Canada into Alaska. It is the most widely distributed frog in Alaska. They can be found from southeastern Alaska to north of the Brooks Range.
| description = Wood Frog is the common name given to Lithobates sylvaticus, previously Rana sylvatica. They are the only frogs found north of the Arctic Circle. In winter, as much as 35-45% of the frog's body may freeze, and turn to ice. Ice crystals form beneath the skin and become interspersed among the body's skeletal muscles. During the freeze the frog's breathing, blood flow, and heartbeat cease. Freezing is made possible by specialized proteins, glucose and perhaps accumulation of urea, which prevent intracellular freezing and dehydration. Wood Frogs primarily breed in ephemeral pools rather than permanent water bodies such as ponds or lakes. Adults emerge from hibernation in early spring and migrate to nearby pools. There, males chorus (a quacking sound) and mating occurs. Adult Wood Frogs spend summer months in moist woodlands, forested swamps, and bogs where they forage and maintain body moisture as surrounding environments dry out. Females' eggs are formed by late fall. By late fall or early winter, they leave forested swamps and travel to neighboring uplands to overwinter. Some may remain in moist areas to overwinter. They tend to hibernate in the upper organic layers of the soil, under leaf litter, and in close proximity to breeding pools.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Rana
| common_name = Leopard Frog
| image = Green-leopard-frog-in-swamp.jpg
| range = Once abundant in North America and Canada, their population has declined in recent years because of pollution and deforestation. Leopard frogs are often used as environmental indicator species because of their heightened sensitivity to chemical pollutants found in the air and water.
| description = Leopard frogs, which are also called meadow frogs and grass frogs, are a collection of so-called true frog within the genus Rana. They are commonly used as dissection specimens in biology classrooms. Leopard frogs are recognized by their green or brown coloration with distinct light-edged dark spots across the back and white underside. They also have a characteristic line of raised glandular skin extending from each eye to the groin.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Pseudacris regilla
| common_name =Pacific Chorus Frog
| image = Pacific treefrog-Siskiyou.jpg
| range = The Pacific Chorus Frog, formerly the Pacific Tree Frog (Hyla regilla) is a species of chorus frog native to the pacific coast of North America from Baja California in Mexico, through the states of California, Oregon, Washington (it is the Washington state frog), and into Canada and extreme southern Alaska. It ranges east into Nevada and Idaho.
| description = This is probably the most commonly heard and encountered frog in California and its call is often heard as a nighttime background sound in Hollywood movies. The Pacific tree frog can reach up to about 5 cm in length. The males are often smaller than the females. These frogs can have highly variable color on their bodies anywhere from gray, brown, tan or bright green and can even change between them. They are usually a pale or white color on their bellies. They have many variations of markings on their back and sides that are usually dark and spotty. The one identifiable mark is a dark stripe that goes over the eye from the nose to the shoulder. Their skin is covered in small bumps. They have long legs compared to their bodies and they tend to be slender. Their toes are long and are only very slightly webbed. On the end of each toe, there is a round sticky pad that is used for climbing and sticking to surfaces.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Litoria caerulea
| common_name =Australian Green Tree Frog
| image = Caerulea3 crop.jpg
| range = The Australian Green Tree Frog, simply Green Tree Frog in Australia, White's Tree Frog, or Dumpy Tree Frog (Litoria caerulea) is a species of tree frog native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand and the United States.
| description = The Green Tree Frog can grow up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length. Its color depends on the temperature and color of the environment, ranging from brown to green; the ventral surface is white. The frog occasionally has small, white, irregularly shaped spots on its back, up to five millimeters in diameter, which increase in number with age.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
| common_name = Hellbender
| image = Cryptobranchus alleganiensis.jpg
| range = The range of the Eastern Hellbender (C. a. alleganiensis) in North America extends from southwestern and south central New York, west to southern Illinois, and south to extreme northeastern Mississippi and the northern parts of Alabama and Georgia. A disjunct population occurs in east-central Missouri. The Ozark Hellbender (C. a. bishopi) subspecies exists as a disjunct population in southeastern Missouri and adjacent northwest Arkansas. Hellbenders are considered endangered in Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, and Ohio and rare or of "special concern" in Georgia, New York, North Carolina and Virginia.
|description = The Hellbender is a large aquatic salamander native to North America whose habitat includes large, swiftly flowing streams with rocky bottoms. Common names include the "snot otter" and "devil dog." Hellbenders have a flat body and head, with small eyes. Like all salamanders, they have short legs and thin bodies. Their tails, however, are especially keeled to help propel them through water. They have four toes on their front legs and five on their back ones.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Necturus maculosus
| common_name = Common Mudpuppy
| image = Necturus maculosus maculosus.jpg
| range = The Common Mudpuppy is a species of aquatic salamander found throughout the northeastern United States, and parts of Canada.
|description = Mudpuppies prefer shallow water with lots of places to hide, but have been found at depths of up to 90 feet. The mating season is late autumn however eggs are not laid until late spring when 50 to 100 eggs are deposited in a nest cavity under a rock or other object. It takes 1 to 2 months for the eggs to hatch and 4 to 6 years for the young to reach maturity. Mudpuppies may live for up to 20 years. The common mudpuppy is nocturnal, but can be active in the day in muddy or weed-choked waters. It is carnivorous and feeds on fish, fish eggs, crayfish, insects, and molluscs.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Siren intermedia
| common_name = Lesser Siren
| image = Siren intermedia 2.jpg
| range = The Lesser Siren is found in the United States, primarily from Virginia to Florida, and west to Texas (ranging into northeastern Mexico as far as Vera Cruz), and north to Illinois, Indiana and Michigan.
|description = The Lesser Siren appears distinctly eel-like, with an elongated body, 7-26 inches (18-68 cm) in length. They have a pair of greatly reduced front legs, but no back legs. Their head is flattened and blunt with feather-like external gills on each side. They vary in color, from olive green to black, sometimes with darker colored speckling. The Lesser Siren is nocturnal, spending its days hidden in the debris and mud at the bottom of slow moving bodies of water. They feed primarily on aquatic invertebrates, including various kinds of worms, snails, and crustaceans. They will also eat the tadpoles and eggs of other amphibians.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Pseudobranchus striatus
| common_name = Northern Dwarf Siren
| image = P striatus USGS.jpg
| range = South-eastern United States
|description = The Northern Dwarf Sirenis a salamander lacking hind legs. It retains its gills into adulthood.
}}
{{:AY Honors/Species Account/Rhinella marina}}
{{:AY Honors/Species Account/Amietophrynus regularis}}

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{{:AY Honors/Life cycle of a frog}}

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Amphibians are insect eaters, so they are very valuable for controlling mosquito populations. They are also the preferred dinner for several mammal, bird, fish, and reptile species.

Amphibians are valuable for medical research. They are raised and sold to research institutions.

The larvae of newts and salamanders are sold as fish bait.

Amphibians are closely monitored by ecologists, because they are among the first animals affected by environmental problems such as pollution and the destruction of the ozone layer.

Toxins found in toads have been successfully turned into painkillers and other drugs, including a pregnancy indicator.

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Toads burrow below the frost line and hibernate for the winter. Plant matter actually generates a bit of heat as it decays, so toads prefer areas with plenty of leaf litter and fallen logs.

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Here are the calls of three frogs.
{|
|-
|[[File:Bufo bufo sitting-Iric2006.jpg|thumb|200px|European toad (''Bufo bufo'')]]
|[[File:Pseudacris crucifer01.jpg|thumb|200px|Spring Peeper (''Pseudacris crucifer'')]]
|[[File:Leptopelis vermiculatus2.jpg|thumb|200px|Big-eyed Tree Frog (''Leptopelis vermiculatus'')]]
|-
|align=center|[[File:Bufo bufo call1.ogg]]
|align=center|[[File:Pseudacris-crucifer-002.ogg]]
|align=center|[[File:Leptopelis vermiculatus call.ogg]]
|}

For more frog calls, [http://www.folkways.si.edu/search/AlbumDetails.aspx?ID=2421# Smithsonian Folkways Recordings] has several frog calls available on CD or for download.
You can also search Youtube for frogs that live in your region.

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Frogs call by passing air through the larynx in the throat. In most calling frogs, the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs, membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth that bulge out during the amplification of the call.

Some frogs lack vocal sacs, but these species can still produce a loud call. Their mouths are enlarged and dome-shaped, acting as a resonance chamber that amplifies their call. The body of a guitar does much the same thing, having a large hollow section that causes the sound to resonate inside before escaping to the outside atmosphere.

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;IMPORTANT: In the 1990's, amphibian populations in the United States and Canada began a precipitous and mysterious decline. Many frogs were discovered in Minnesota with unexplained deformities, including extra limbs, missing limbs, deformed limbs, and missing eyes. As a result, many species of amphibians are now protected by state and federal laws. When observing wild amphibians, it is extremely important that they not be handled. Doing so can spread disease to these creatures, causing further decline. Before venturing out, make sure your Pathfinders understand and appreciate the danger facing amphibians today. Do not allow your group to capture or otherwise harass them, and do not destroy their environment. Rather than pursuing the two options (a and b) listed for this requirement, it may be wiser to substitute an alternate requirement. One possibility is to have your Pathfinders research the amphibian population crash.

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It is recommended that instead of investigating wild amphibians, the student should research them using other available resources, including the Internet, books, and encyclopedias. It is recognized that observing them in the wild is by far more fascinating, but it also carries the potential to do great harm to the amphibian population. See the notes in section b for more details.

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Frog eggs can be purchased from http://www.nilesbio.com/subcat367.html - but only in the spring.

According to [http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/terrestrial/amphibians/mknutson_5003869_field_guide.html Field Guide of Amphibian Larvae and Eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa], a publication of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), ''"State and federal laws protect amphibians from exploitation. Collection permits are required from the appropriate state or federal authorities before capturing, handling, or collecting amphibians."''

It is therefore recommended that you not attempt to collect amphibian eggs on your own. You can download this book as a PDF from the page cited above. Even if you do not live in Minnesota, Wisconsin, or Iowa, the species covered in this book may be indigenous to your area.

The USGS publication further states, ''"To prevent the spread of disease to native populations, any frogs or salamanders you raise should not be released back into the environment. Lab-raised amphibians can be anesthetized and euthanized with benzocaine or tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222, Green 2001). If you anticipate difficulty complying with this guidance, you should not undertake raising larvae in captivity."''

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==References==
*[[w:Frogs|Wikipedia article on frogs]]
*[[w:Salamander|Wikipedia article on salamanders]]
* http://www.wnrmag.com/stories/1996/apr96/frog.htm
* http://www.californiaherps.com/index.html
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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AY Honors/Amphibians/Answer Key/es

2022-06-11T20:16:12Z

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Anfibios viven la mitad de su vida en el agua y la otra mitad en la tierra. Son vertebrados de sangre fría. Los anfibios son capaces de respirar a través de su piel, haciendo que sean muy sensibles a cualquier cosa que toquen, incluyendo la mano del hombre. Al observar los anfibios, uno nunca debe tocarlos. Los anfibios tienen dedos en los pies en lugar de garras.

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;Orden Anura (ranas y sapos): Las ranas adultas y los sapos adultos se caracterizan por sus largas piernas traseras, un cuerpo corto, dígitos reticulados, los ojos que resaltan y la ausencia de una cola. La mayoría tienen un estilo de vida semi-acuática, pero se mueven fácilmente por tierra saltando o brincando. Por lo general ponen sus huevos en charcos, estanques o lagos; y sus larvas, llamadas renacuajos, tienen branquias y se desarrollan en el agua.

;Orden Caudata (tritones y salamandras): Los cuadata tienen cuerpos delgados, las piernas cortas y colas largas. La piel húmeda de los anfibios hace que vivan en hábitats cerca del agua o bajo alguna clase de protección en suelo húmedo, usualmente en un bosque. Algunas especies son acuáticas durante toda la vida, algunas están en el agua de forma intermitente y algunas son totalmente terrestres como adultos. Salamandras superficialmente se parecen como las lagartijas pero se distinguen fácilmente por su falta de escalas. Ellos son capaces de regenerar extremidades perdidas.

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El uso del nombre común «rana» y «sapo» no tiene ninguna justificación taxonómica. Desde un punto de vista taxonómico, todos los miembros de la orden Anura son ranas, pero sólo se consideran miembros de la familia Bufonidae como «sapos verdaderos». El uso del término «rana» en los nombres comunes generalmente se refiere a especies que son acuáticas o semi-acuáticas con las pieles lisas o húmedas; y el término «sapo» generalmente se refiere a las especies que tienden a ser terrestre con la piel verrugosa y seca. Una excepción es el sapo de vientre de fuego (''Bombina bombina''): mientras que su piel es levemente verrugosa, prefiere un hábitat acuático.

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La primera línea de defensa para los anfibios es no ser visto por un depredador. El pequeño tamaño y la coloración de muchas especies ayudan en este sentido. A veces, en lugar de camuflarse, las ranas son de colores muy brillantes. La coloración en este caso sirve como una advertencia porque estas ranas son venenosas.

Muchas ranas contienen toxinas leves que las hacen desagradables a los depredadores. Por ejemplo, todos los sapos tienen grandes glándulas venenosas, las glándulas parótidas, ubicadas detrás de los ojos en la parte superior de la cabeza. Algunas ranas, como las ranas venenosas de dardo, son especialmente tóxicas.

Las salamandras tienen la capacidad de separar sus colas cuando quieran. Cuando un depredador capta una salamandra por la cola, la salamandra separa su cola y se escapa. La cola se ''regenera'' o vuelve a crecer.

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Con una búsqueda por Internet se puede encontrar una lista de anfibios en su área local patrocinada por el gobierno o una universidad. Alternativamente, se puede buscar una guía de campo de anfibios que se centra en su provincia, estado, país o región. Debe definir su «localidad» de la manera que mejor se adapte a la lista que encuentre.

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{{Species id
| latin_name=Cryptobranchidae
| common_name=Salamandras gigantes
| image =Andrias_japonicus_pair.jpg
| range =Una sola especie, la salamandra gigante americana (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) se encuentra en el este de los Estados Unidos, mientras que las especies asiáticas se encuentran tanto en China como en Japón. Son los anfibios vivos más grandes que se conocen hoy en día. La salamandra gigante del Japón (Andrias japonicus), alcanza hasta 1,44 m (4,7 pies), se alimenta de peces y crustáceos, y se sabe que vive en cautiverio durante más de 50 años. La salamandra gigante china (Andrias davidianus) puede alcanzar una longitud de 1,8 m (5,9 pies).
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name=Gymnophiona
| common_name=Cecilias
| image =Dermophis mexicanus.jpg
| range =Las cecilias se encuentran en las regiones tropicales húmedas del sudeste de Asia, India y Sri Lanka, partes de África oriental y occidental, las islas Seychelles en el Océano Índico y en el norte y el este de Sudamérica.
| description=Las cecilias carecen por completo las extremidadeso miembros, haciendo que las especies más pequeñas se parezcan como gusanos, mientras que las especies más grandes, con longitudes de hasta 1,5 metros, parecen serpientes. La cola es corta o inexistente. Tienen un fuerte cráneo con un hocico puntiagudo usado para forzar su camino a través del suelo o lodo. En la mayoría de las especies, el número de huesos en el cráneo se reducen y fusionan, y la boca se encuentra en la parte baja de la cabeza. Debido a su vida bajo la tierra, los ojos son pequeños y cubiertos por la piel para protegerlas, lo que ha llevado a la idea errónea de que son ciegos. Esto no es estrictamente cierto, aunque su vista se limita a la simple percepción de luz y oscuridad. Todas las cecilias poseen un par de tentáculos, situada entre los ojos y la nariz. Estos son utilizado probablemente para una segunda capacidad olfativa, además del sentido normal de olor basado en la nariz.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Lithobates catesbeianus
| common_name = Rana toro
| image = Bullfrog - natures pics.jpg
| range = La rana toro es nativa de norteamérica. Se encuentra en los Estados Unidos, Canadá y México, al este de las Montañas Rocosas, pero se ha introducida en muchas otras localidades por todo el mundo. En Europa y al oeste de los EE.UU. se toman medidas para controlar su propagación, ya que compite con y saca las especies nativas.
|description = La rana toro es una especie grande que tiene muchas similitudes a su «especie hermana» de sapo y puede crecer hasta una longitud de 15 cm, con un peso de hasta 750 g. Las hembras son generalmente más grandes que los machos. Usualmente son distintos tonos de verde o marrón, con marrón oscuro, verde oscuro, o manchas negras y una parte inferior de color amarillo o blanco. Las ranas toro son carnívoras y consumen casi cualquier cosa que quepa en su boca que pueden dominar, incluyendo insectos, pequeños mamíferos, peces, serpientes, e incluso otras ranas. Ellas tienden a comer más a las libélulas que a las moscas. La rana adulta puede vivir hasta 13 años.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Bufo americanus
| common_name = Sapo americano
| image = Bufo americanusPCCA20060417-3352B.jpg
| range = El sapo americano es una especie común que se encuentra en todo el este de los Estados Unidos y de Canadá.
|description = El sapo americano es de tamaño mediano que normalmente se encuentra en el rango de 5 a más de 8.5 cm. El color y el patrón varían. El sapo americano en el este tiene manchas que contienen una a dos verrugas. También tiene verrugas más grandes en la tibia o inferior de la pierna debajo de la rodilla. Aunque el vientre usualmente tiene manchas, en general es más en el medio hacia adelante (en algunos individuos raros puede haber pocas o sin manchas).
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Hyla versicolor
| common_name = Rana arbórea gris
| image = Bufo 6759.jpg
| range = Ranas arbóreas grises habitan en una amplia gama y se pueden encontrar en la mayor parte de la mitad oriental de los Estados Unidos, hacia el oeste hasta el centro de Texas. También se ven en Canadá en las provincias de Ontario y Manitoba, con una población aislada en Nuevo Brunswick.
| description = Ranas arbóreas grises viven principalmente en los árboles, pasan tiempo en áreas boscosas, usualmente no muy lejos de una fuente de agua permanente. En las tardes lluviosas se pueden encontrar llamando en o cerca de piscinas de poca profundidad. Son de hábitos nocturnos y insectívoras, comiendo la mayoría de cualquier pequeña artrópodos que pueden atrapar. El apareamiento se produce durante los meses de la primavera y el verano.
}}

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{{Species id
| latin_name = Lithobates sylvaticus
| common_name = Rana de bosque
| image = Rana sylvatica.jpg
| range = Las ranas de bosque se encuentran en el norte del estado norteamericano de Georgia y en colonias aisladas en las montañas centrales en partes del estado norteamericano de Alabama y por todo del noreste de los Estados Unidos, hasta en todo Canadá y en el estado norteamericano de Alaska. Es la rana más distribuida en Alaska. Se pueden encontrar desde el sureste de Alaska hasta el norte de la cordillera de Brooks.
| description = La rana de bosque es el nombre común dado al Lithobates sylvaticus, previamente Rana sylvatica. Son las únicas ranas encontradas al norte del círculo polar ártico. Durante el invierno, tanto como 35-45% del cuerpo de la rana puede congelarse y convertirse en hielo. Los cristales de hielo se forman debajo de la piel y llegan a ser intercalados entre los músculos esqueléticos del cuerpo. Durante la congelación, la respiración de la rana, el flujo de sangre y el ritmo cardíaco paran. La congelación se hace posible por proteínas especializadas, glucosa y quizás acumulación de urea, que impiden la congelación intracelular y la deshidratación. Ranas de bosque principalmente se crían en piscinas efímeras en lugar de los cuerpos de agua permanentes, tales como estanques o lagos. Los adultos emergen de la hibernación a principios de la primavera y emigran a las piscinas cercanas. Allí, los machos llaman a las hembras (un sonido como un graznido) y el apareamiento se produce. Ranas de bosque adultas pasan los meses del verano en los bosques húmedos, pantanos y ciénagas donde se alimentan y mantienen la humedad del cuerpo mientras el entorno se seca. Los huevos de las hembras se forman tarde en el otoño. A finales del otoño o a principios del invierno, dejan los pantanos boscosos y viajan a las tierras altas para pasar el invierno. Algunos pueden permanecer en áreas húmedas para pasar el invierno. Ellos tienden a hibernar en las capas orgánicas superiores del suelo, bajo la hojarasca y muy cerca de las piscinas de cría.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Rana
| common_name = Rana leopardo
| image = Green-leopard-frog-in-swamp.jpg
| range = Una vez abundante en Norteamérica, su población ha disminuido en los últimos años a causa de la contaminación y la deforestación. Ranas leopardo se utilizan a menudo como especies indicadoras ambientales debido a su mayor sensibilidad a los contaminantes químicos que se encuentran en el aire y el agua.
| description = Ranas leopardo, que también se llaman ranas y sapos de prado o de hierba, son una colección de la llamada rana verdadera dentro del género Rana. Ellos son comúnmente utilizados como especímenes de disección en las aulas de biología. Ranas leopardo son reconocidos por su coloración verde o marrón con manchas oscuras distintos en la espalda y una parte inferior blanca. También tienen una línea característica de la piel glandular levantada que se extiende desde cada ojo hasta la ingle.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Pseudacris regilla
| common_name = Rana de coro del Pacífico
| image = Pacific treefrog-Siskiyou.jpg
| range = Lla rana de coro del Pacífico es una especie natural de rana de coro de la costa del Pacífico de Norteamérica, desde Baja California en México, a través de los estados de California, Oregon, Washington (es la rana del estado de Washington), y en Canadá y sur de Alaska. Se extiende al este en Nevada y Idaho.
| description = Esta es, probablemente, la rana más comúnmente escuchado y encontrado en California y su llamada se oye a menudo como un sonido de fondo en la noche en las películas de Hollywood. La rana arbórea del Pacífico puede alcanzar hasta unos 5 cm de longitud. Los machos suelen ser más pequeños que las hembras. Estas ranas pueden tener un color muy variable en sus cuerpos de gris, marrón, beige o verde brillante y pueden incluso cambiar entre esos colores. Generalmente son de un color pálido o blanco en el vientre. Tienen muchas variaciones de marcas en la espalda y los lados que suelen ser oscuro e irregular. La única marca de identificación es una raya oscura que va sobre el ojo desde la nariz hasta el hombro. Su piel está cubierta de pequeñas protuberancias. Tienen piernas largas en comparación con sus cuerpos y que tienden ser delgadas. Sus dedos son largos y un poco palmeados. En el extremo de cada dedo del pie, hay un cojín redondo pegajosa que se utiliza para la escalada y se pega a las superficies.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Litoria caerulea
| common_name =Rana arborícola verde de Australia
| image = Caerulea3 crop.jpg
| range = La rana arborícola verde de Australia (también conocida como la rana arborícola de White o rana arborícola rechoncha) es una especie de rana arborícola de Australia y Nueva Guinea, con poblaciones introducidas en Nueva Zelanda y los Estados Unidos.
| description = La rana arborícola verde puede crecer hasta 10 centímetros de longitud. Su color depende de la temperatura y el color del medio ambiente, que van desde marrón a verde; la superficie ventral es de color blanco. La rana a veces tiene pequeñas manchas blancas, de forma irregular en su parte posterior, hasta 5 mm de diámetro, que aumentan en número con la edad.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
| common_name = Salamandra americana gigante
| image = Cryptobranchus alleganiensis.jpg
| range = La gama de la salamandra americana gigante se extiende desde el suroeste y centro-sur de Nueva York, al oeste hasta el sur de Illinois y al sur hasta el noreste de Mississippi y la parte norte de Alabama y Georgia. Una población disjunta se produce en el centro-este de Missouri. Estas salamandras se consideran en peligro de extinción en Illinois, Indiana, Maryland y Ohio y raras o de «especial preocupación» en Georgia, Nueva York, Carolina del Norte y Virginia.
|description = La salamandra americana gigante es una gran salamandra acuática nativa de Norteamérica cuyo hábitat incluye corrientes grandes que fluyen con rapidez y con fondos rocosos. Las salamandras americanas gigantes tienen un cuerpo plano y una cabeza plana, con ojos pequeños. Como todas las salamandras, tienen patas cortas y cuerpos delgados. Sus colas, sin embargo, son especialmente doblados para ayudar a impulsar a través del agua. Tienen cuatro dedos en las patas delanteras y cinco en las traseras.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Necturus maculosus
| common_name = Necturo
| image = Necturus maculosus maculosus.jpg
| range = El necutro es una especie de salamandra acuática que se encuentra en todo el noreste de los Estados Unidos y en partes de Canadá.
|description = Los necturos prefieren aguas pocas profundas con un montón de lugares para esconderse, pero se han encontrado a profundidades de hasta 25 metros. La temporada de apareamiento es a finales de otoño, sin embargo los huevos no se establecen hasta finales de la primavera, cuando de 50 a 100 huevos son depositados en una cavidad del nido debajo de una roca u otro objeto. Se tarda de 1 a 2 meses para que los huevos eclosionen y 4 a 6 años para que los jóvenes alcanzan la madurez. Los necturos pueden vivir hasta 20 años. El necturo es nocturno, pero puede ser activo en el día en las aguas fangosas. Es carnívoro y se alimenta de peces, huevos de peces, cangrejos, insectos y moluscos.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Siren intermedia
| common_name = Sirena menor
| image = Siren intermedia 2.jpg
| range = La sirena menor se encuentra en los Estados Unidos, principalmente de Virginia a Florida y al oeste de Texas (que van al noreste de México hasta Vera Cruz), y en el norte de Illinois, Indiana y Michigan.
|description = La sirena menor aparece claramente como un anguila, con un cuerpo alargado, de 18-68 cm de largo. Tienen un par de patas delanteras muy reducidas, pero no hay patas traseras. Su cabeza es aplanada y contundente de branquias externas como plumas en cada lado. Varían en color, del verde oliva al negro, a veces de color más moteado oscuro. La sirena menor es nocturna, pasando sus días escondida en los escombros y el barro en la parte inferior de cosas que se mueven lentamente en agua. Se alimentan principalmente de invertebrados acuáticos, incluyendo varios tipos de gusanos, caracoles y crustáceos. También comen los renacuajos y los huevos de otros anfibios.
}}

{{Species id
| latin_name = Pseudobranchus striatus
| common_name = Sirena enana
| image = P striatus USGS.jpg
| range = Habitan en Estados Unidos, desde Carolina del Sur hasta Florida.
|description = Los miembros de este género tienen patas anteriores pequeñas y carecen de extremidades inferiores. Se diferencian de las especies del género Siren por poseer tres dedos en cada pata, en lugar de cuatro. Retiene sus branquias en la edad adulta.
}}
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Los anfibios comen insectos y son muy valiosos para controlar la cantidad de mosquitos. Son también la cena preferida para varios mamíferos, aves, peces y reptiles.

Los anfibios son valiosos para la investigación médica. Ellos son criados y vendidos a las instituciones de investigación.

Las larvas de tritones y salamandras se venden como carnada o cebo.

Los anfibios son monitoreados cuidadosamente por los ecologistas porque son uno de los primeros animales afectados por los problemas ambientales como la contaminación y la destrucción de la capa de ozono.

Las toxinas que se encuentran en los sapos se han convertido con éxito en los analgésicos y otros fármacos, incluyendo un indicador de embarazo.

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Los sapos cavan debajo de la línea de congelación e hibernan durante el invierno. La materia vegetal en realidad genera un poco de calor, como se descompone, y los sapos prefieren zonas con hojarasca abundante y troncos caídos.

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Aquí está las llamadas de tres diferentes ranas:
{|
|-
|[[File:Bufo bufo sitting-Iric2006.jpg|thumb|200px|Sapo europeo (''Bufo bufo'')]]
|[[File:Pseudacris crucifer01.jpg|thumb|200px|Pseudacris crucifer (''Pseudacris crucifer'')]]
|[[File:Leptopelis vermiculatus2.jpg|thumb|200px|Leptopelis vermiculatus (''Leptopelis vermiculatus'')]]
|-
|align=center|[[File:Bufo bufo call1.ogg]]
|align=center|[[File:Pseudacris-crucifer-002.ogg]]
|align=center|[[File:Leptopelis vermiculatus call.ogg]]
|}

Puede buscar por medio de la página web de YouTube para encontrar más llamadas de ranas que viven en su región local.

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Las ranas llaman haciendo pasar aire a través de la laringe en la garganta. En la mayoría de las ranas, el sonido es amplificado por uno o más sacos vocales, que son membranas de piel debajo de la garganta o en la esquina de la boca que sobresale durante la amplificación de la llamada.

Algunas ranas carecen sacos vocales, pero estas especies pueden todavía producir una llamada ruidosa. Sus bocas están agrandados y en forma de cúpula, actuando como cámara de resonancia que amplifica su llamada. El cuerpo de una guitarra hace lo mismo, que tiene una sección hueca grande que hace que el sonido resuene en el interior antes de escapar a la atmósfera exterior.

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Se recomienda que en lugar de investigar los anfibios silvestres, el estudiante debe investigar utilizando otros recursos disponibles, incluidos los de internet, libros y enciclopedias. Se reconoce que observarlos en su hábitat natural es mucho más fascinante, pero también tiene el potencial de hacer un gran daño a la población de anfibios.

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De acuerdo con [http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/terrestrial/amphibians/mknutson_5003869_field_guide.html Guía de campo de larvas y huevos de anfibios de Minnesota, Wisconsin e Iowa], «Las leyes estatales y federales protegen a los anfibios de la explotación. Se requieren permisos de recolección de las autoridades estatales o federales apropiadas antes de capturar, manipular o recolectar anfibios.»

Por lo tanto, se recomienda que no intente recolectar huevos de anfibios por su cuenta. Incluso si no vive en Minnesota, Wisconsin o Iowa, las especies cubiertas en este libro pueden ser indígenas de su área.

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==Referencias==
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/es]]
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==Referências==
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/pt-br]]
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Amphibians live half of their lives in water and half on land. They are cold-blooded vertebrates. Amphibians are able to breathe through their skin, making them very sensitive to anything they come in contact with, including human hands. When observing amphibians, one should never touch them. Amphibians have toes rather than claws.
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;Order Anura (frogs and toads): Adult frogs and toads are characterized by long hind legs, a short body, webbed digits, protruding eyes and the absence of a tail. Most have a semi-aquatic lifestyle, but move easily on land by jumping or climbing. They typically lay their eggs in puddles, ponds or lakes; and their larvae, called tadpoles, have gills and develop in water.
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;Order Caudata (newts and salamanders): Caudata have slender bodies, short legs, and long tails. The moist skin of the amphibians fits them to habitats either near water or under some protection on moist ground, usually in a forest. Some species are aquatic throughout life, some take to the water intermittently, and some are entirely terrestrial as adults. Salamanders superficially resemble lizards, but are easily distinguished by their lack of scales. They are capable of regenerating lost limbs.
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The use of the common names "frog" and "toad" has no taxonomic justification. From a taxonomic perspective, all members of the order Anura are frogs, but only members of the family Bufonidae are considered "true toads". The use of the term "frog" in common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi-aquatic with smooth or moist skins, and the term "toad" generally refers to species that tend to be terrestrial with dry, warty skin. An exception is the Fire-bellied toad (''Bombina bombina''): while its skin is slightly warty, it prefers a watery habitat.
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The first line of defense for amphibians is to not be seen by a potential predator. The small size and coloration of many species help in this regard, but sometimes, rather than blending in, frogs are very brightly colored. The coloration in this case serves as a warning, for these frogs are poisonous.
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Many frogs contain mild toxins that make them distasteful to potential predators. For example, all toads have large poison glands—the parotid glands—located behind the eyes on the top of the head. Some frogs, such as some poison dart frogs, are especially toxic.
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Salamanders have the ability to detach their tails at will. When a predator captures a salamander by the tail, the salamander detaches its tail and escapes. The tail ''regenerates'' or grows back.
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An internet search should find a government, or university sponsored list of amphibians in your local area. Alternatively look for an amphibian field guide that focuses on your province, state, country or region. You should define your "locality" in whatever way best matches the list you find. For example:
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[http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/frogwatch/whoswho/#region Amphibians by region in British Columbia]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_California Amphibians in California]
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{{TODO|Expand this section to include more species}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name=Cryptobranchidae
| common_name=Giant salamander
| image =Andrias_japonicus_pair.jpg
| range =A single species, the hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) occurs in the eastern United States, while Asian species occur in both China and Japan. They are the largest living amphibians known today. The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus), reaches up to 1.44 m (4.7 ft), feeds on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity.[2] The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) can reach a length of 1.8 m (5.9 ft).
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name=Notophthalmus viridescens
| common_name=Eastern newt
| image =Redspotted_newt.jpg
| range =common newt of eastern North America. They frequent small lakes, ponds, and streams or near-by wet forests. They can coexist in an aquatic environment with small, noncarnivorous fish, as their skin secretes a poisonous substance when the newt is threatened or injured. They have lifespans of 12 to 15 years in the wild, and may grow to five inches in length. These newts are common aquarium pets, being either collected from the wild or purchased. The bright orange juvenile stage, which is land-dwelling, is often known as the red eft. Some sources blend the general name of the species and the red-spotted newt subspecies name into eastern red-spotted newt (although there is no "western" one).
}}
{{Species id
| latin_name=Gymnophiona
| common_name=Caecilians
| image =Dermophis mexicanus.jpg
| range =Caecilians are found in wet tropical regions of Southeast Asia, India and Sri Lanka, parts of East and West Africa, the Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean and in northern and eastern South America.
| description=Caecilians completely lack limbs, making the smaller species resemble worms, while the larger species with lengths up to {{units|1.5 meters |5 feet}} resemble snakes. The tail is short or absent. They have a strong skull, with a pointed snout used to force their way through soil or mud.[2] In most species, the number of bones in the skull are reduced and fused together, and the mouth is recessed under the head. Owing to their underground life, the eyes are small and covered by skin for protection, which has led to the misconception that they are blind. This is not strictly true, although their sight is limited to simple dark-light perception. All caecilians possess a pair of tentacles, located between their eyes and nostrils. These are probably used for a second olfactory capability, in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Rana catesbeianus
| common_name = Bullfrog
| image = Bullfrog - natures pics.jpg
| range = The American Bull Frog is native to North America. They are found in the United States, Canada and Mexico, east of the Rocky Mountains, but have been introduced to many other localities throughout the world. In Europe and the western U.S., measures are often taken to control its spread because it competes with, and often drives out, native species.
|description = The bull frog is a large species that has many similarities to its 'sister species' of toad, and can grow to a length of 6 inches (15 cm) with a weight of up to 1.5 lb (750 g). Females are typically larger than males. They are generally varying shades of green or brown, with dark brown, dark green, or black blotching and a yellow or white underside. Bull frogs are carnivorous and will consume almost anything that fits into their mouth which they can overpower, including insects, small mammals, fish, snakes, and even other frogs. They tend to eat more dragonflies than flies. The adult frog can live up to 13 years.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Bufo americanus
| common_name = American Toad
| image = Bufo americanusPCCA20060417-3352B.jpg
| range = The American toad is a common species of toad found throughout the eastern United States and Canada.
|description = The American toad is a medium sized toad usually found in the range from 2 to over 3 1/2 inches. The color and pattern is somewhat variable. The Eastern American toad has spots that contain only one to two warts. It also has enlarged warts on the tibia or lower leg below the knee. While the belly is usually spotted, it is generally more so on the forward half (in some rare individuals there may be few or no spots).
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Hyla versicolor
| common_name = Grey Tree Frog
| image = Bufo 6759.jpg
| range = Grey tree frogs inhabit a wide range, and can be found in most of the eastern half of the United States, as far west as central Texas. They also range into Canada in the provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, with an isolated population in New Brunswick.
| description = Grey tree frogs live primarily in trees, spending time in wooded areas, usually not far from a permanent water source. On rainy evenings they can often be found calling in or near shallow, temporary pools of water. They are nocturnal and insectivorous, consuming most any small arthropod they can catch. Mating occurs throughout the spring and summer months.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Pseudacris crucifer
| common_name = Spring Peeper
| image = Pseudacris crucifer01.jpg
| range = There are two subspecies of the spring peeper, the northern (P. c. crucifer) and the southern spring peeper (P. c. bartramiana). The northern is similar to the southern except for a strong dark marking on the southern frog's belly. The southern spring peeper is limited to northern Florida and southern Georgia, while the northern can be found all over the east of the USA and eastern Canada.
| description = The spring peeper is a small frog, attaining an adult size between 0.75 and 1.5 inches (up to 40mm) long. They have a dark cross on their backs roughly in the shape of an "X", though sometimes the marking may be indistinct. The color variations of the spring peeper are mostly tan, brown, olive green, or gray. Females are lighter-colored, while males are slightly smaller and usually have dark throats. Spring peepers are nocturnal frogs, so they are mostly heard but not seen. And they are especially easy to hear due to their extremely loud mating call which gives them the name "peeper".
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Lithobates sylvaticus
| common_name = Wood Frog
| image = Rana sylvatica.jpg
| range = Wood Frogs are found from northern Georgia and in isolated colonies in the central highlands in the eastern to central parts of Alabama, up through the northeastern United States, and all the way across Canada into Alaska. It is the most widely distributed frog in Alaska. They can be found from southeastern Alaska to north of the Brooks Range.
| description = Wood Frog is the common name given to Lithobates sylvaticus, previously Rana sylvatica. They are the only frogs found north of the Arctic Circle. In winter, as much as 35-45% of the frog's body may freeze, and turn to ice. Ice crystals form beneath the skin and become interspersed among the body's skeletal muscles. During the freeze the frog's breathing, blood flow, and heartbeat cease. Freezing is made possible by specialized proteins, glucose and perhaps accumulation of urea, which prevent intracellular freezing and dehydration. Wood Frogs primarily breed in ephemeral pools rather than permanent water bodies such as ponds or lakes. Adults emerge from hibernation in early spring and migrate to nearby pools. There, males chorus (a quacking sound) and mating occurs. Adult Wood Frogs spend summer months in moist woodlands, forested swamps, and bogs where they forage and maintain body moisture as surrounding environments dry out. Females' eggs are formed by late fall. By late fall or early winter, they leave forested swamps and travel to neighboring uplands to overwinter. Some may remain in moist areas to overwinter. They tend to hibernate in the upper organic layers of the soil, under leaf litter, and in close proximity to breeding pools.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Rana
| common_name = Leopard Frog
| image = Green-leopard-frog-in-swamp.jpg
| range = Once abundant in North America and Canada, their population has declined in recent years because of pollution and deforestation. Leopard frogs are often used as environmental indicator species because of their heightened sensitivity to chemical pollutants found in the air and water.
| description = Leopard frogs, which are also called meadow frogs and grass frogs, are a collection of so-called true frog within the genus Rana. They are commonly used as dissection specimens in biology classrooms. Leopard frogs are recognized by their green or brown coloration with distinct light-edged dark spots across the back and white underside. They also have a characteristic line of raised glandular skin extending from each eye to the groin.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Pseudacris regilla
| common_name =Pacific Chorus Frog
| image = Pacific treefrog-Siskiyou.jpg
| range = The Pacific Chorus Frog, formerly the Pacific Tree Frog (Hyla regilla) is a species of chorus frog native to the pacific coast of North America from Baja California in Mexico, through the states of California, Oregon, Washington (it is the Washington state frog), and into Canada and extreme southern Alaska. It ranges east into Nevada and Idaho.
| description = This is probably the most commonly heard and encountered frog in California and its call is often heard as a nighttime background sound in Hollywood movies. The Pacific tree frog can reach up to about 5 cm in length. The males are often smaller than the females. These frogs can have highly variable color on their bodies anywhere from gray, brown, tan or bright green and can even change between them. They are usually a pale or white color on their bellies. They have many variations of markings on their back and sides that are usually dark and spotty. The one identifiable mark is a dark stripe that goes over the eye from the nose to the shoulder. Their skin is covered in small bumps. They have long legs compared to their bodies and they tend to be slender. Their toes are long and are only very slightly webbed. On the end of each toe, there is a round sticky pad that is used for climbing and sticking to surfaces.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Litoria caerulea
| common_name =Australian Green Tree Frog
| image = Caerulea3 crop.jpg
| range = The Australian Green Tree Frog, simply Green Tree Frog in Australia, White's Tree Frog, or Dumpy Tree Frog (Litoria caerulea) is a species of tree frog native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand and the United States.
| description = The Green Tree Frog can grow up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length. Its color depends on the temperature and color of the environment, ranging from brown to green; the ventral surface is white. The frog occasionally has small, white, irregularly shaped spots on its back, up to five millimeters in diameter, which increase in number with age.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
| common_name = Hellbender
| image = Cryptobranchus alleganiensis.jpg
| range = The range of the Eastern Hellbender (C. a. alleganiensis) in North America extends from southwestern and south central New York, west to southern Illinois, and south to extreme northeastern Mississippi and the northern parts of Alabama and Georgia. A disjunct population occurs in east-central Missouri. The Ozark Hellbender (C. a. bishopi) subspecies exists as a disjunct population in southeastern Missouri and adjacent northwest Arkansas. Hellbenders are considered endangered in Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, and Ohio and rare or of "special concern" in Georgia, New York, North Carolina and Virginia.
|description = The Hellbender is a large aquatic salamander native to North America whose habitat includes large, swiftly flowing streams with rocky bottoms. Common names include the "snot otter" and "devil dog." Hellbenders have a flat body and head, with small eyes. Like all salamanders, they have short legs and thin bodies. Their tails, however, are especially keeled to help propel them through water. They have four toes on their front legs and five on their back ones.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Necturus maculosus
| common_name = Common Mudpuppy
| image = Necturus maculosus maculosus.jpg
| range = The Common Mudpuppy is a species of aquatic salamander found throughout the northeastern United States, and parts of Canada.
|description = Mudpuppies prefer shallow water with lots of places to hide, but have been found at depths of up to 90 feet. The mating season is late autumn however eggs are not laid until late spring when 50 to 100 eggs are deposited in a nest cavity under a rock or other object. It takes 1 to 2 months for the eggs to hatch and 4 to 6 years for the young to reach maturity. Mudpuppies may live for up to 20 years. The common mudpuppy is nocturnal, but can be active in the day in muddy or weed-choked waters. It is carnivorous and feeds on fish, fish eggs, crayfish, insects, and molluscs.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Siren intermedia
| common_name = Lesser Siren
| image = Siren intermedia 2.jpg
| range = The Lesser Siren is found in the United States, primarily from Virginia to Florida, and west to Texas (ranging into northeastern Mexico as far as Vera Cruz), and north to Illinois, Indiana and Michigan.
|description = The Lesser Siren appears distinctly eel-like, with an elongated body, 7-26 inches (18-68 cm) in length. They have a pair of greatly reduced front legs, but no back legs. Their head is flattened and blunt with feather-like external gills on each side. They vary in color, from olive green to black, sometimes with darker colored speckling. The Lesser Siren is nocturnal, spending its days hidden in the debris and mud at the bottom of slow moving bodies of water. They feed primarily on aquatic invertebrates, including various kinds of worms, snails, and crustaceans. They will also eat the tadpoles and eggs of other amphibians.
}}
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{{Species id
| latin_name = Pseudobranchus striatus
| common_name = Northern Dwarf Siren
| image = P striatus USGS.jpg
| range = South-eastern United States
|description = The Northern Dwarf Sirenis a salamander lacking hind legs. It retains its gills into adulthood.
}}
{{:AY Honors/Species Account/Rhinella marina}}
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{{:AY Honors/Life cycle of a frog}}
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Amphibians are insect eaters, so they are very valuable for controlling mosquito populations. They are also the preferred dinner for several mammal, bird, fish, and reptile species.
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Amphibians are valuable for medical research. They are raised and sold to research institutions.
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The larvae of newts and salamanders are sold as fish bait.
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Amphibians are closely monitored by ecologists, because they are among the first animals affected by environmental problems such as pollution and the destruction of the ozone layer.
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Toxins found in toads have been successfully turned into painkillers and other drugs, including a pregnancy indicator.
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Toads burrow below the frost line and hibernate for the winter. Plant matter actually generates a bit of heat as it decays, so toads prefer areas with plenty of leaf litter and fallen logs.
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Here are the calls of three frogs.
{|
|-
|[[File:Bufo bufo sitting-Iric2006.jpg|thumb|200px|European toad (''Bufo bufo'')]]
|[[File:Pseudacris crucifer01.jpg|thumb|200px|Spring Peeper (''Pseudacris crucifer'')]]
|[[File:Leptopelis vermiculatus2.jpg|thumb|200px|Big-eyed Tree Frog (''Leptopelis vermiculatus'')]]
|-
|align=center|[[File:Bufo bufo call1.ogg]]
|align=center|[[File:Pseudacris-crucifer-002.ogg]]
|align=center|[[File:Leptopelis vermiculatus call.ogg]]
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For more frog calls, [http://www.folkways.si.edu/search/AlbumDetails.aspx?ID=2421# Smithsonian Folkways Recordings] has several frog calls available on CD or for download.
You can also search Youtube for frogs that live in your region.
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Frogs call by passing air through the larynx in the throat. In most calling frogs, the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs, membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth that bulge out during the amplification of the call.
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Some frogs lack vocal sacs, but these species can still produce a loud call. Their mouths are enlarged and dome-shaped, acting as a resonance chamber that amplifies their call. The body of a guitar does much the same thing, having a large hollow section that causes the sound to resonate inside before escaping to the outside atmosphere.
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;IMPORTANT: In the 1990's, amphibian populations in the United States and Canada began a precipitous and mysterious decline. Many frogs were discovered in Minnesota with unexplained deformities, including extra limbs, missing limbs, deformed limbs, and missing eyes. As a result, many species of amphibians are now protected by state and federal laws. When observing wild amphibians, it is extremely important that they not be handled. Doing so can spread disease to these creatures, causing further decline. Before venturing out, make sure your Pathfinders understand and appreciate the danger facing amphibians today. Do not allow your group to capture or otherwise harass them, and do not destroy their environment. Rather than pursuing the two options (a and b) listed for this requirement, it may be wiser to substitute an alternate requirement. One possibility is to have your Pathfinders research the amphibian population crash.
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It is recommended that instead of investigating wild amphibians, the student should research them using other available resources, including the Internet, books, and encyclopedias. It is recognized that observing them in the wild is by far more fascinating, but it also carries the potential to do great harm to the amphibian population. See the notes in section b for more details.
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Frog eggs can be purchased from http://www.nilesbio.com/subcat367.html - but only in the spring.
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According to [http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/terrestrial/amphibians/mknutson_5003869_field_guide.html Field Guide of Amphibian Larvae and Eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa], a publication of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), ''"State and federal laws protect amphibians from exploitation. Collection permits are required from the appropriate state or federal authorities before capturing, handling, or collecting amphibians."''
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It is therefore recommended that you not attempt to collect amphibian eggs on your own. You can download this book as a PDF from the page cited above. Even if you do not live in Minnesota, Wisconsin, or Iowa, the species covered in this book may be indigenous to your area.
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The USGS publication further states, ''"To prevent the spread of disease to native populations, any frogs or salamanders you raise should not be released back into the environment. Lab-raised amphibians can be anesthetized and euthanized with benzocaine or tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222, Green 2001). If you anticipate difficulty complying with this guidance, you should not undertake raising larvae in captivity."''
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==References==
*[[w:Frogs|Wikipedia article on frogs]]
*[[w:Salamander|Wikipedia article on salamanders]]
* http://www.wnrmag.com/stories/1996/apr96/frog.htm
* http://www.californiaherps.com/index.html
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AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/en

2022-04-26T19:56:05Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

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|text=On the diagram below, identify the indicated parts of the gustatory system.
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{{HonorRequirement
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{{HonorRequirement
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|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
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{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
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[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/es

2022-04-26T19:39:39Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

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¿Qué es el sistema gustativo?
</div>
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{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
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Definir la palabra «gusto».
</div>
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{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
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|level1_ID=3
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¿Qué son las papilas gustativas?
</div>
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{{HonorRequirement
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Nombrar las cinco sensaciones gustativas.
</div>
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{{HonorRequirement
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En el siguiente diagrama, identificar las partes indicadas del sistema gustativo.
</div>

[[File:Taste - Tongue diagram.png|Diagrama de la lengua]]
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
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Explicar cómo se relaciona el gusto con nuestros otros sentidos.
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=7
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
¿Nuestra preferencia de sabor se decide genéticamente o es algo aprendido? Explicar.
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=8
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
¿Cuáles son las opciones de tratamiento para alguien que ha perdido el sentido del gusto?
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=9
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
Citar cinco textos bíblicos que se refieran a nuestro sentido del gusto.
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=10
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|isChallenging=true
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
Realizar una prueba de sabor a ciegas con un mínimo de diez alimentos.
</div>
}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
</div>

[[Category:Honor Requirements may have additional Data|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/en

2022-04-26T19:39:37Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

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{{HonorRequirement
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{{HonorRequirement
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{{HonorRequirement
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{{HonorRequirement
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|reqTypes=text
|text=On the diagram below, identify the indicated parts of the gustatory system.

[[File:Taste - Tongue diagram.png|Tongue Diagram]]
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{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
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|text=Explain how taste is related to our other senses?
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{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
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|text=Is our taste preference genetically decided or is it trained? Explain.
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{{HonorRequirement
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{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=9
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|text=Quote five Bible texts that refer to our sense of taste.
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{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=10
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|text=Perform a blind taste test with a minimum of ten foods.
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[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

[[Category:Honor Requirements may have additional Data|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/15/en

2022-04-26T19:39:31Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/en

2022-04-26T18:45:39Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}

<section begin=Body />

<b>1. <section begin=req1 /><noinclude></noinclude>What is the gustatory system?
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req1 /></b>

<b>2. <section begin=req2 /><noinclude></noinclude>Define the word ‘taste’.
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req2 /></b>

<b>3. <section begin=req3 /><noinclude></noinclude>What are the taste buds?
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req3 /></b>

<b>4. <section begin=req4 /><noinclude></noinclude>Name the five taste sensations.
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req4 /></b>

<b>5. <section begin=req5 /><noinclude></noinclude>On the diagram below, identify the indicated parts of the gustatory system.

[[File:Taste - Tongue diagram.png|Tongue Diagram]]

<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req5 /></b>

<b>6. <section begin=req6 /><noinclude></noinclude>Explain how taste is related to our other senses?
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req6 /></b>

<b>7. <section begin=req7 /><noinclude></noinclude>Is our taste preference genetically decided or is it trained? Explain.
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req7 /></b>

<b>8. <section begin=req8 /><noinclude></noinclude>What are the treatment options for someone who has lost their sense of taste?
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req8 /></b>

<b>9. <section begin=req9 /><noinclude></noinclude>Quote five Bible texts that refer to our sense of taste.
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req9 /></b>

<section begin=challenge />
<b>10. <section begin=req10 /><noinclude></noinclude>Perform a blind taste test with a minimum of ten foods.
<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req10 /></b>
<section end=challenge />
<section end=Body />

<noinclude>[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 3|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
<noinclude></noinclude>

AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/es

2022-04-26T18:45:36Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}

<section begin=Body />

<b>1. <section begin=req1 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
¿Qué es el sistema gustativo?
</div></noinclude><section end=req1 /></b>

<b>2. <section begin=req2 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
Definir la palabra «gusto».
</div></noinclude><section end=req2 /></b>

<b>3. <section begin=req3 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
¿Qué son las papilas gustativas?
</div></noinclude><section end=req3 /></b>

<b>4. <section begin=req4 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
Nombrar las cinco sensaciones gustativas.
</div></noinclude><section end=req4 /></b>

<b>5. <section begin=req5 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
En el siguiente diagrama, identificar las partes indicadas del sistema gustativo.
</div>

[[File:Taste - Tongue diagram.png|Diagrama de la lengua]]

<noinclude></noinclude><section end=req5 /></b>

<b>6. <section begin=req6 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
Explicar cómo se relaciona el gusto con nuestros otros sentidos.
</div></noinclude><section end=req6 /></b>

<b>7. <section begin=req7 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
¿Nuestra preferencia de sabor se decide genéticamente o es algo aprendido? Explicar.
</div></noinclude><section end=req7 /></b>

<b>8. <section begin=req8 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
¿Cuáles son las opciones de tratamiento para alguien que ha perdido el sentido del gusto?
</div></noinclude><section end=req8 /></b>

<b>9. <section begin=req9 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
Citar cinco textos bíblicos que se refieran a nuestro sentido del gusto.
</div></noinclude><section end=req9 /></b>

<section begin=challenge />
<b>10. <section begin=req10 /><noinclude><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
Realizar una prueba de sabor a ciegas con un mínimo de diez alimentos.
</div></noinclude><section end=req10 /></b>
<section end=challenge />
<section end=Body />

<noinclude>[[Category:Honor Requirements/es|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 3/es|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
<noinclude></noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/12/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>Perform a blind taste test with a minimum of ten foods.
<noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/11/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>Quote five Bible texts that refer to our sense of taste.
<noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/10/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>What are the treatment options for someone who has lost their sense of taste?
<noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/9/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>Is our taste preference genetically decided or is it trained? Explain.
<noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/8/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>Explain how taste is related to our other senses?
<noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/5/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>On the diagram below, identify the indicated parts of the gustatory system.

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/4/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>Name the five taste sensations.
<noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/3/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>What are the taste buds?
<noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/2/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>Define the word ‘taste’.
<noinclude>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/1/en

2022-04-26T18:45:34Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

</noinclude>What is the gustatory system?
<noinclude>

AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/en

2022-04-18T23:22:34Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}{{SetHonorReqVariables}}

{{HonorRequirement
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{{HonorRequirement
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{{HonorRequirement
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|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
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|text=What are the taste buds?
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{{HonorRequirement
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|text=Name the five taste sensations.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
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|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=5
|reqTypes=text
|text=On the diagram below, identify the indicated parts of the gustatory system. [[File:Taste - Tongue diagram.png|Tongue Diagram]]
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=6
|reqTypes=text
|text=Explain how taste is related to our other senses?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=7
|reqTypes=text
|text=Is our taste preference genetically decided or is it trained? Explain.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=8
|reqTypes=text
|text=What are the treatment options for someone who has lost their sense of taste?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=9
|reqTypes=text
|text=Quote five Bible texts that refer to our sense of taste.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=10
|reqTypes=text
|isChallenging=true
|text=Perform a blind taste test with a minimum of ten foods.
}}

[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/es

2022-04-18T23:22:33Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}{{SetHonorReqVariables}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=1
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|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>¿Qué es el sistema gustativo?
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>Definir la palabra «gusto».
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>¿Qué son las papilas gustativas?
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>Nombrar las cinco sensaciones gustativas.
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=5
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>En el siguiente diagrama, identificar las partes indicadas del sistema gustativo.
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=6
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>Explicar cómo se relaciona el gusto con nuestros otros sentidos.
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=7
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>¿Nuestra preferencia de sabor se decide genéticamente o es algo aprendido? Explicar.
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=8
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>¿Cuáles son las opciones de tratamiento para alguien que ha perdido el sentido del gusto?
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=9
|reqTypes=text
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>Citar cinco textos bíblicos que se refieran a nuestro sentido del gusto.
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=10
|reqTypes=text
|isChallenging=true
|text=<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
</noinclude>Realizar una prueba de sabor a ciegas con un mínimo de diez alimentos.
<noinclude>
</div>
}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
</div>

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/14/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/12/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

Perform a blind taste test with a minimum of ten foods.

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/11/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

Quote five Bible texts that refer to our sense of taste.

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/10/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

What are the treatment options for someone who has lost their sense of taste?

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/9/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

Is our taste preference genetically decided or is it trained? Explain.

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/8/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

Explain how taste is related to our other senses?

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/5/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

On the diagram below, identify the indicated parts of the gustatory system. [[File:Taste - Tongue diagram.png|Tongue Diagram]]

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/4/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

Name the five taste sensations.

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/3/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

What are the taste buds?

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/2/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

Define the word ‘taste’.

Translations:AY Honors/Taste/Requirements/1/en

2022-04-18T23:22:28Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

What is the gustatory system?

AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Requirements/es

2022-04-18T22:11:51Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}{{SetHonorReqVariables}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=¿Quiénes son los aborígenes y de dónde han venido? ¿Cuántas tribus había allí cuando comenzó la colonización europea?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
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|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Discutir el sistema tribal. ¿Qué son los tótems?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=Discutir el alimento de los aborígenes:
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Clases
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=¿Cómo lo obtienen?
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=¿Cómo lo preparan?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|reqTypes=text
|text=Discutir acerca de sus viviendas. ¿De qué son hechas? ¿Por qué no son permanentes? ¿Dónde duermen los jóvenes y niños?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=5
|reqTypes=text
|text=¿Cómo se comunican con otras tribus que no puede entender su idioma? ¿Cómo envían señales dentro de la tribu? ¿Cuál es el propósito de la Tjuringa (o Churinga)?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=6
|reqTypes=text
|text=¿Cuáles son algunos de los artículos de comercio e intercambio? ¿Qué utensilios domésticos utilizan ellos?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=7
|reqTypes=text
|text=Describir algunas de las armas utilizadas en la caza y la guerra.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=8
|reqTypes=text
|text=¿Qué es un corroboree? Explicar su propósito. ¿Qué son palos de aplaudir y el diyiridú?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=9
|reqTypes=text
|text=¿Qué juegos juegan los niños? ¿Cómo son los hombres jóvenes entrenados? ¿Cómo son iniciados?¿Cuál es el terreno de Bora? ¿Qué es una bramadera?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=10
|reqTypes=text
|text=Discutir las 2 clases de arte principales aborigen.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=11
|reqTypes=text
|isChallenging=true
|text=Relatar brevemente la historia de los aborígenes desde que el europeo llegó a Australia, mencionando las políticas gubernamentales que citan a través de los años y el trabajo de misiones.
}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
</div>

AY Honors/African Lore/Requirements/en

2022-04-18T22:11:49Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}{{SetHonorReqVariables}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Be able to name and locate at least ten different African tribes of the present day and name several outstanding features of each.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Complete the following:
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|level2_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Select for study an African Tribe. (If you belong to an African Tribe, select one other than your own.)
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|level2_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Find out detailed information on the tribe selected, in the following areas: <br>(1) Eating habits<br>(2) Initiation ceremony<br>(3) Witch doctors<br>(4) Living and worship conditions<br>(5) Education<br>(6) Burials<br>(7) Money<br>(8) Dress<br>(9) Industry
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=Tell an African folk story bringing out its moral.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|reqTypes=text
|isChallenging=true
|text=Make a collection of at least 15 objects manufactured by African tribes (other than your own).
}}

[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Requirements/en

2022-04-18T22:11:47Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}{{SetHonorReqVariables}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Who are the Aborigines and where did they come from? How many tribes were there when European colonization commenced?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Discuss the tribal system. What are totems?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=Discuss the food of the Aborigines:
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Kinds
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=How obtained
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=How prepared
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|reqTypes=text
|text=Discuss their homes. Of what are they made and why are they not permanent? Where do the young men and boys sleep?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=5
|reqTypes=text
|text=How do they communicate with other tribes who may not understand their language? How do they send signals within the tribe? What is the purpose of the Tjuringa (or Churinga)?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=6
|reqTypes=text
|text=What are some of the articles of trade and exchange? What domestic utensils do they use.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=7
|reqTypes=text
|text=Describe some of the weapons used in hunting and warfare.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=8
|reqTypes=text
|text=What is a corroboree? Explain its purpose. What are clap sticks and the didgeridoo?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=9
|reqTypes=text
|text=What games do children play? How are young men trained? How are they initiated? What is the bora ground? What is a bull roarer?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=10
|reqTypes=text
|text=Discuss the two main types of Aboriginal art.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=11
|reqTypes=text
|isChallenging=true
|text=Briefly relate the history of the Aborigines since the white man arrived in Australia, mentioning the government policies through the years and the work of missions
}}

[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

AY Honors/African Lore/Requirements/es

2022-04-18T22:11:45Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}{{SetHonorReqVariables}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Ser capaz de nombrar y localizar al menos 10 diferentes tribus africanas de la actualidad y decir varias características de cada una.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Hacer lo siguiente:
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|level2_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Seleccionar una tribu africana para el estudio. Si usted pertenece a una tribu africana, seleccionar una que no sea la suya.
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|level2_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Encontrar información detallada sobre las tribus seleccionadas, en las siguientes áreas: ::i. Los hábitos alimenticios::ii. Ceremonia de iniciación::iii. Médicos tradicionales y yerbateros::iv. Condiciones de vida y cultos::v. Educación::vi. Entierros::vii. Dinero::iix. Vestido::ix. Industria
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=Contar un cuento popular africano junto con su moraleja.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|reqTypes=text
|isChallenging=true
|text=Hacer una colección de al menos 15 objetos fabricados por tribus africanas (que no sean hechos por usted mismo).
}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
</div>

Translations:AY Honors/African Lore/Requirements/18/en

2022-04-18T22:11:42Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Requirements/pt-br

2022-04-18T22:11:39Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}{{SetHonorReqVariables}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Quem são os aborígenes e donde são provenientes? Quantas tribos existiam quando se iniciou a colonização europeia?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Debate o sistema tribal. O que são totemes?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=Fala dos alimentos dos aborígenes:
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Espécies
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Como obtê-los
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|level2_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=Como prepará-los
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|reqTypes=text
|text=Fala das suas casas. Onde que é que são feitas e porque é que não são fixas? Onde é que os homens jovens e os rapazes dormem?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=5
|reqTypes=text
|text=Como se comunicam com as outras tribos se não podemos compreender a sua linguagem? Como é que enviam sinais entre tribos? Qual é o objectivo da Tjuringa?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=6
|reqTypes=text
|text=Quais são alguns dos artigos de comercialização e troca? Que utensílios domésticos utilizam?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=7
|reqTypes=text
|text=Descreve algumas das armas utilizadas na caça e na guerra.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=8
|reqTypes=text
|text=O que é a dança? Explica o seu objectivo. What are clap sticks and the didgeridoo?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=9
|reqTypes=text
|text=Que jogos jogam as crianças? Como são treinados os jovens do sexo masculino? Como são iniciados? O que é a bora ground? O que é o bull roarer?
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=10
|reqTypes=text
|text=Fala sobre os dois principais tipos de arte aborígene.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=11
|reqTypes=text
|isChallenging=true
|text=Resumidamente relata a história dos aborígenes desde que os broncos chegaram à Austrália, não te esquecendo de fazer menção aos governos através dos anos e ao trabalho das missões.
}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
</div>

Translations:AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Requirements/21/en

2022-04-18T22:11:39Z

FuzzyBot: Importing a new version from external source

[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]

AY Honors/Airplane Modeling/Requirements/es

2022-04-18T22:11:37Z

FuzzyBot: Updating to match new version of source page

{{HonorSubpage}}{{SetHonorReqVariables}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Construir y volar con éxito un avión de un kit de madera de balsa y papel, que sea propulsado por una banda de goma o por gas.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|isChallenging=true
|text=Construir un planeador con madera de balsa de un modelo prefabricado y observar sus características de vuelo en relación a la variable posición de las alas.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=Hacer y volar con éxito dos diferentes estilos de aviones utilizando hojas de papel de entre 8 (20 cm) y 14 (35 cm) pulgadas de ancho y largo.
}}

{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|reqTypes=text
|text=Definir, ubicar y explicar el uso de los siguientes elementos básicos:
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=1
|reqTypes=text
|text=Fuselaje
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=2
|reqTypes=text
|text=Ala
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=3
|reqTypes=text
|text=Alerón
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=4
|reqTypes=text
|text=Timón
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=5
|reqTypes=text
|text=Estabilizador horizontal
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=6
|reqTypes=text
|text=Soporte del ala
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=7
|reqTypes=text
|text=Cabina
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=8
|reqTypes=text
|text=Motor
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=9
|reqTypes=text
|text=Tren de aterrizaje
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=10
|reqTypes=text
|text=Propela
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=11
|reqTypes=text
|text=Diedro
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=12
|reqTypes=text
|text=Timón de profundidad
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=13
|reqTypes=text
|text=Propulsión
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=14
|reqTypes=text
|text=Mandos de vuelo
}}{{HonorRequirement
|landingID={{#var:landingID}}
|reqVariantNo={{#var:reqVariantNo}}
|level1_ID=4
|level2_ID=15
|reqTypes=text
|text=Cola en V
}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[[Category:Honor Requirements|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
[[Category:Honor Requirements Revision 4|{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|2}}]]
</div>