Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2009-09-15T03:03:41Z

70.188.170.249:

{{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}}
[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.

==History==

The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex{{jargon}} has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented.

<ref>Walter Frederick Morrison and Phil Kennedy: ''Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee''; January 2006; Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT; ISBN 0-9774517-4-7, pp. 34-35</ref> [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" started more than ten years before at Yale.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.)<ref>Yale Alumni Magazine. Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49.</ref>

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>

Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>

Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Crosbee
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[March to Highfivetown]]
*Relay
*[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
*[[Suicide (disc game)]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{Main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight, True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frisbee}}
*[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[la:Discus volans]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[pt:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[tr:Frizbi]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2009-09-15T02:56:11Z

70.188.170.249:

{{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}}
[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.

==History==

The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex{{jargon}} has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented.

<ref>Walter Frederick Morrison and Phil Kennedy: ''Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee''; January 2006; Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT; ISBN=978-0-9774517-4-6, pp. 34-35</ref> [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" started more than ten years before at Yale.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.)<ref>Yale Alumni Magazine. Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49.</ref>

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>

Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>

Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Crosbee
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[March to Highfivetown]]
*Relay
*[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
*[[Suicide (disc game)]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{Main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight, True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frisbee}}
*[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[la:Discus volans]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[pt:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[tr:Frizbi]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2009-09-15T02:53:50Z

70.188.170.249:

{{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}}
[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.

==History==

The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex{{jargon}} has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented.

<ref>Walter Frederick Morrison and Phil Kennedy: ''Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee''; January 2006; Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT; isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6</ref> [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" started more than ten years before at Yale.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.)<ref>Yale Alumni Magazine. Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49.</ref>

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>

Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>

Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Crosbee
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[March to Highfivetown]]
*Relay
*[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
*[[Suicide (disc game)]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{Main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight, True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frisbee}}
*[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[la:Discus volans]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[pt:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[tr:Frizbi]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2009-09-15T02:42:26Z

70.188.170.249:

{{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}}
[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.

==History==

The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex{{jargon}} has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6</ref> [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" started more than ten years before at Yale.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.)<ref>Yale Alumni Magazine. Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49.</ref>

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>

Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>

Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Crosbee
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[March to Highfivetown]]
*Relay
*[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
*[[Suicide (disc game)]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{Main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight, True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frisbee}}
*[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[la:Discus volans]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[pt:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[tr:Frizbi]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2009-09-15T02:40:27Z

70.188.170.249:

{{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}}
[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.

==History==

The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex{{jargon}} has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6</ref> [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" started more than ten years before at Yale.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.)<ref>Yale Alumni Magazine. Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49.</ref>

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>

Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>

Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Crosbee
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[March to Highfivetown]]
*Relay
*[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
*[[Suicide (disc game)]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{Main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight, True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frisbee}}
*[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[la:Discus volans]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[pt:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[tr:Frizbi]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2009-09-15T02:29:08Z

70.188.170.249:

{{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}}
[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.

==History==

The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex{{jargon}} has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" started more than ten years before at Yale.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.)<ref>Yale Alumni Magazine. Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49.</ref>

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>

Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>

Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Crosbee
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[March to Highfivetown]]
*Relay
*[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
*[[Suicide (disc game)]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{Main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight, True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frisbee}}
*[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[la:Discus volans]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[pt:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[tr:Frizbi]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2009-09-15T02:27:59Z

70.188.170.249:

{{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}}
[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.

==History==

The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex{{jargon}} has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" started more than ten years before at Yale.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.)<ref>Yale Alumni Magazine. Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49.</ref>

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>

Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>

Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Crosbee
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[March to Highfivetown]]
*Relay
*[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
*[[Suicide (disc game)]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{Main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; "Flat Flip Flies Straight, True Origins of the Frisbee", Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006); ISBN 0-9774517-4-7
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frisbee}}
*[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[la:Discus volans]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[pt:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[tr:Frizbi]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2009-09-15T02:21:57Z

70.188.170.249:

{{Redirect5|Frisbee|the amusement ride|Frisbee (ride)|the type of UFO|Flying saucer}}}
[[Image:Frisbee Catch- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury to the dog. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play that use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.

==History==

The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." A [[Dartmouth College]] ex{{jargon}} has argued, tongue-in-cheek,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_05/old_yale.html | title = The Frisbee files | date = May/June 2007 | author = Judith Ann Schiff | work = Yale Alumni Magazine }}</ref> that in 1920, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a collection plate from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

The Ivy League fad of spinning pie tins with shouts of "frisbie" started more than ten years before at Yale.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} The pasttime became a fad there within a few days, and spread to the undergrads within a few weeks. They named it for the pie tins they used, having "Frisbie" pressed into the tin. (Frisbie pies were not sold in Cambridge or Princeton, only across southern Connecticut and Rhode Island.)<ref>Yale Alumni Magazine. Feb.-Mar.1996 issue, pp. 47-49.</ref>

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. <ref>{{cite book |last=Morrison |first=Fred |authorlink=Walter Frederick Morrison |coauthors=Phil Kennedy |title=Flat Flip Flies Straight!: True Origins of the Frisbee |year=2006 |month=January |publisher=Wormhole Publishers |location=[[Wethersfield, CT]] |isbn=978-0-9774517-4-6 |oclc=233974379 |quote='Headrick had an eye for product design... The "NEW LOOK" contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing.' -Fred Morrison}}</ref>

Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm The First Flight of the Frisbee: The History of the Frisbee]</ref>

Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports"<ref>{{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |authorlink= |editor=F. Davis Johnson (ed.) |others=Rachel Forbes (illus.) |title=The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide |year=1998 |month= May |publisher=American Trends Publishing Company |location=Alameda, CA |isbn= 0966385527 |oclc=39487710}}</ref>, later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts. Upon his death, Headrick was [[cremation|cremated]], and his ashes, in accordance with his final requests, were molded into memorial Frisbees and given to family and close friends.<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6684592 "Edward "Steady Ed" Headrick"] Find A Grave.</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*Crosbee
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[March to Highfivetown]]
*Relay
*[[Schtick (disc game)|Schtick]]
*[[Suicide (disc game)]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{Main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc (called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]]) can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frisbee}}
*[http://www.frisbeecollective.com Frisbee Collective:] gallery of over 200 Frisbee from all over the globe
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.fdfp.net Flying Disc Federation of Pakistan] – National Federation for flying disc games in Pakistan
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.pdga.com/ Professional Disc Golf Association] Governing body for professional disc golf

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Disc}}
[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1950s]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[ar:صحن طائر (لعبة)]]
[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[la:Discus volans]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[pt:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[tr:Frizbi]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-10-14T01:34:50Z

70.188.170.249:

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

[[Image:Frisbee Catch 02- Fcb981.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A player catching a flying disc.]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight. The disc of choice for [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] is the 175 gram Discraft Ultrastar.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

==History==
[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|240px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." [[Yale College]] has argued{{Fact|date=June 2007}} that in 1820, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented. [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Pipco Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner of war. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In 1957, [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

In 1957,<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Wham-O co-founder [[Richard Knerr]], decided to stimulate sales by giving the discs the additional [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (pronounced the same as "Frisbie"), after hearing that East Coast college students were calling the Pluto Platter by that name. The man who was behind the Frisbee's phenomenal success however was "Steady" Ed Headrick, hired in 1964 as Wham-O's new General Manager and Vice President in charge of marketing. Headrick soon redesigned the Pluto Platter by reworking the rim thickness, and top design, creating a more controllable disc that could be thrown accurately. ({{cite book |last= Morrison |first= Fred |coauthors= Phil Kennedy |title= [[Flat Flip Flies Straight True Origins of the Frisbee]] |publisher= [[Wormhole Publishers]] |year= 2006 |month= January |isbn= 0-9774517-4-7 }}) <blockquote>
"Headrick had an eye for product design... The 'NEW LOOK' contributed mightily to its phenomenal success... I've never known what financial arrangements Headrick had with Wham-O. It would have been interesting to know, but knowing wouldn't have changed anything. It was enough to know that under Headrick's guidance our increasing bank account was due to what he was doing." -Fred Morrison
</blockquote>Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Headrick patented the new design as the Frisbee patent, highlighting the “Rings of Headrick” and marketed and pushed the professional model Frisbee and "Frisbee" as a sport. (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]{{rs|date=September 2007}}</ref>

Ed Headrick, commonly known as the "Father of Disc Sports", ({{cite book |last= Malafronte |first= Victor A. |coauthors= F. Davis Johnson |title= [[The Complete Book of Frisbee: The History of the Sport & the First Official Price Guide]] |publisher= [[American Trends Publishing Company]] |year= 1998 |month= May |isbn= 0966385527 }}) later founded "The International Frisbee Association (IFA)" and began establishing standards for various sports using the Frisbee such as Distance, Freestyle and Guts.
==Flying disc games==
{{Mergeto|Flying disc games|date=September 2007}}
{{main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*Relay
*Schtick
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*Volleydisc
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]]  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

== See also ==
* [[Aerobie]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Boomerang]]
* [[Flying disc techniques]]
* [[Genericized trademark]]

==References==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Walter Frederick Morrison|Morrison, Walter Frederic]], and Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006); ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://ffindr.com/ ffindr!] the frisbee tournament portal
*[http://www.acrobaticfrisbee.com Acrobatic Frisbee Show]
*[http://www.frisbeehd.com Hard Disc Frisbee Forlì A.S.D. (frisbee freestyle and more!)]
*

{{Category:1950s fads}}

[[Category:Frisbee| ]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Ultimate]]

[[bar:Frisbee]]
[[bg:Летящ диск]]
[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[mk:Фризби]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[simple:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2007-03-15T01:59:55Z

70.188.170.249: /* History */

[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped toys, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].

==History==

People have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' Yale College has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.

[[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer.

An interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous Stalag 13. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950 before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbees. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed (1/23/1957), Wham-O began production of more Pluto Platters. The next year, Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.

Rich Knerr (Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's design for the modern Frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]

==Games using flying discs==
{{main|Flying disc games}}
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
*[[Durango Boot]]
*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
*[[Hot Box]]
*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
*[[Flyer Frizbee]]

==Physics==

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==Trivia==
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company".
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].

== See also ==
* [[Disc throws]]
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
* [[Chakram]]

==Further reading==

*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Ralph Lorenz, Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]

[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Flying disc games]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

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