Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-05-18T22:18:05Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-05-18T22:10:00Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-05-18T22:07:46Z

68.80.158.241: /* Flying disc games */

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.
==History==
The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." [[Yale College]] has argued{{Fact|date=June 2007}} that in 1820, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented. [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a [[1937]] [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Pipco Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner in the infamous [[Oflag XIII-A|Stalag 13]]. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In [[1957]], [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

Wham-O co-founder, [[Richard Knerr]], in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales, and hearing of the colloquial name "Frisbie", gave the disks the [[trademark]]able [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie") on [[June 17]], [[1957]].<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Ed Hedrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented the company's design for the aerodynamically improved modern Frisbee (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]{{rs|date=September 2007}}</ref>

==Flying disc games==

== '''TINKLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!''' ==

==Physics==
{{main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

== See also ==
* [[Aerobie]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Boomerang]]
* [[Fandango (Frisbee)]]
* [[Flying disc techniques]]
* [[Genericized trademark]]

==References==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Walter Frederick Morrison|Morrison, Walter Frederic]], and Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006); ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://ffindr.com/ ffindr!] the frisbee tournament portal
*[http://www.acrobaticfrisbee.com Acrobatic Frisbee Show]
*[http://www.frisbeehd.com Hard Disc Frisbee Forlì A.S.D. (frisbee freestyle and more!)]
*[[Category:Frisbee| ]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

{{Category:1950s fads}}

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤 (玩具)]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-05-18T22:06:34Z

68.80.158.241: /* Flying disc games */

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.
==History==
The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." [[Yale College]] has argued{{Fact|date=June 2007}} that in 1820, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented. [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a [[1937]] [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Pipco Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner in the infamous [[Oflag XIII-A|Stalag 13]]. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In [[1957]], [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

Wham-O co-founder, [[Richard Knerr]], in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales, and hearing of the colloquial name "Frisbie", gave the disks the [[trademark]]able [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie") on [[June 17]], [[1957]].<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Ed Hedrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented the company's design for the aerodynamically improved modern Frisbee (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]{{rs|date=September 2007}}</ref>

==Flying disc games==

== '''POOOP!!!!!!!!!!!!!''' ==

==Physics==
{{main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc were not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

== See also ==
* [[Aerobie]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Boomerang]]
* [[Fandango (Frisbee)]]
* [[Flying disc techniques]]
* [[Genericized trademark]]

==References==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Walter Frederick Morrison|Morrison, Walter Frederic]], and Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006); ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://ffindr.com/ ffindr!] the frisbee tournament portal
*[http://www.acrobaticfrisbee.com Acrobatic Frisbee Show]
*[http://www.frisbeehd.com Hard Disc Frisbee Forlì A.S.D. (frisbee freestyle and more!)]
*[[Category:Frisbee| ]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

{{Category:1950s fads}}

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤 (玩具)]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-05-18T21:05:28Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-05-07T01:58:53Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.
==History==
The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." [[Yale College]] has argued{{Fact|date=June 2007}} that in 1820, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee. That tale is dubious, as the "Frisbie's Pies" origin is well-documented. [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a [[1937]] [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by '''Hello DERE!!!!!!!!!!'''name '''Pipco Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner in the infamous [[Oflag XIII-A|Stalag 13]]. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In [[1957]], [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

Wham-O co-founder, [[Richard Knerr]], in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales, and hearing of the colloquial name "Frisbie", gave the disks the [[trademark]]able [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie") on [[June 17]], [[1957]].<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Ed Hedrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented the company's design for the aerodynamically improved modern Frisbee (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]{{rs|date=September 2007}}</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Mergeto|Flying disc games|date=September 2007}}
{{main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flyer Frisbee]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Fris-nok]], related to fricket
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Frisvee]] or Frisbee volleyball.
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[Jaan Bu Lin]]
*[[Mini-ultimate]]
*[[Relay]]
*[[FlyingDiscSchtick|Schtick]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==In popular culture==
{{Trivia|date=October 2007}}
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly notices that a metal pie dish is stamped "Frisbie's Pies". When Doc Brown is threatened by a gunman just minutes later, he spoils his aim by throwing the dish and hitting the gunman's hand.
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].
*In the ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'' episode "Who Knew?", [[Charles Winchester]] throws a frisbee at the end of the episode from two children passing it to each other. He calls it "mindless recreation." [[Maxwell Klinger]] was trying to convince him to invest in taking the idea to the [[United States]]. Earlier in the episode Klinger was trying to convince him to invest in the ''[[hula hoop]]''.
*The anime character [[Sailor Moon (character)|Sailor Moon]] uses her [[tiara]], changed into a flying disc, as a weapon.
*Disc-like [[energy weapons]] are featured in the motion picture ''[[Tron (film)|Tron]]''.

== See also ==
* [[Aerobie]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Boomerang]]
* [[Fandango (Frisbee)]]
* [[Flying disc techniques]]
* [[Genericized trademark]]

==References==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Walter Frederick Morrison|Morrison, Walter Frederic]], and Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006); ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://ffindr.com/ ffindr!] the frisbee tournament portal
*[http://www.acrobaticfrisbee.com Acrobatic Frisbee Show]
*[http://www.frisbeehd.com Hard Disc Frisbee Forlì A.S.D. (frisbee freestyle and more!)]
*[[Category:Frisbee| ]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

{{Category:1950s fads}}

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤 (玩具)]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-05-06T22:13:40Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.
==History==
The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." [[Yale College]] has argued{{Fact|date=June 2007}} that in 1820, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true ''''''I PLAY ULTIMATE FRISBEE'''''''Morrison''']] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a [[1937]] [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Pipco Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner in the infamous [[Oflag XIII-A|Stalag 13]]. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In [[1957]], [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

Wham-O co-founder, [[Richard Knerr]], in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales, and hearing of the colloquial name "Frisbie", gave the disks the [[trademark]]able [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie") on [[June 17]], [[1957]].<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Ed Hedrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented the company's design for the aerodynamically improved modern Frisbee (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]{{rs|date=September 2007}}</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Mergeto|Flying disc games|date=September 2007}}
{{main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flyer Frisbee]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Fris-nok]], related to fricket
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Frisvee]] or Frisbee volleyball.
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[Jaan Bu Lin]]
*[[Mini-ultimate]]
*[[Relay]]
*[[FlyingDiscSchtick|Schtick]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==In popular culture==
{{Trivia|date=October 2007}}
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly notices that a metal pie dish is stamped "Frisbie's Pies". When Doc Brown is threatened by a gunman just minutes later, he spoils his aim by throwing the dish and hitting the gunman's hand.
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].
*In the ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'' episode "Who Knew?", [[Charles Winchester]] throws a frisbee at the end of the episode from two children passing it to each other. He calls it "mindless recreation." [[Maxwell Klinger]] was trying to convince him to invest in taking the idea to the [[United States]]. Earlier in the episode Klinger was trying to convince him to invest in the ''[[hula hoop]]''.
*The anime character [[Sailor Moon (character)|Sailor Moon]] uses her [[tiara]], changed into a flying disc, as a weapon.
*Disc-like [[energy weapons]] are featured in the motion picture ''[[Tron (film)|Tron]]''.

== See also ==
* [[Aerobie]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Boomerang]]
* [[Fandango (Frisbee)]]
* [[Flying disc techniques]]
* [[Genericized trademark]]

==References==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Walter Frederick Morrison|Morrison, Walter Frederic]], and Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006); ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://ffindr.com/ ffindr!] the frisbee tournament portal
*[http://www.acrobaticfrisbee.com Acrobatic Frisbee Show]
*[http://www.frisbeehd.com Hard Disc Frisbee Forlì A.S.D. (frisbee freestyle and more!)]
*[[Category:Frisbee| ]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

{{Category:1950s fads}}

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤 (玩具)]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2008-05-06T22:12:37Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

[[Image:Cool pics 004.jpg|right|thumb|400px|A player throwing a flying disc; [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]].]]
'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped objects, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name Frisbee is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs are also available which typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]]. There are also discs that whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight.
==History==
The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The [[Frisbie Pie Company]] (1871–1958) of [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]], made [[pie]]s that were sold to many [[New England]] colleges. Hungry [[college student]]s soon discovered that the empty pie [[tin]]s could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of "he who was first to fling." [[Yale College]] has argued{{Fact|date=June 2007}} that in 1820, an undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the [[chapel]] and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbee.
== '''''I PLAY ULITMATE FRISBEE!!!!!!!!!!!!''''' ==
[[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a [[popcorn]] can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a [[1937]] [[Thanksgiving]] Day gathering in [[Los Angeles]] that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the '''Whirlo-Way''', which, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]] in 1948, became the very first commercially produced plastic flying disc, marketed under the name '''Pipco Flyin-Saucer'''. Morrison had just returned to the US after [[World War II]], where he had been a prisoner in the infamous [[Oflag XIII-A|Stalag 13]]. His partnership with Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950, before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the '''Pluto Platter''', to cash in on the growing popularity of [[UFO]]s with the American public. The Pluto Platter became the design basis for later flying discs. In [[1957]], [[Wham-O]] began production of more discs (then still marketed as Pluto Platters). The next year, Morrison was awarded US Design Patent 183,626 for his flying disc.

Wham-O co-founder, [[Richard Knerr]], in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales, and hearing of the colloquial name "Frisbie", gave the disks the [[trademark]]able [[brand name]] "Frisbee" (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie") on [[June 17]], [[1957]].<ref name="CTV20070616">{{cite news |title='Frisbee' marks 50th anniversary of name change |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070616/frisbee_070616/20070616?hub=TopStories |publisher=[[CTVglobemedia]] |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2007-06-19 }}</ref> Sales soared for the toy, which was marketed as a new sport. In 1964, the first "professional" model went on sale. Ed Hedrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented the company's design for the aerodynamically improved modern Frisbee (US Patent 3,359,678).<ref name="About980218">[http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]{{rs|date=September 2007}}</ref>

==Flying disc games==
{{Mergeto|Flying disc games|date=September 2007}}
{{main|Flying disc games}}
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Disc golf]]
*[[Dodge disc]]
*[[Durango boot]]
*[[Flying disc games#Double|Double disc court]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Flyer Frisbee]]
*[[Flying disc freestyle|Freestyle]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Fricket]], also known as disc cricket, cups, Suzy sticks or crispy wickets
*[[Fris-nok]], related to fricket
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Frisvee]] or Frisbee volleyball.
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Hot box (game)|Hot box]]
*[[Kan-jam]]
*[[Jaan Bu Lin]]
*[[Mini-ultimate]]
*[[Relay]]
*[[FlyingDiscSchtick|Schtick]]
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Physics==
{{main|Physics of flying discs}}

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==In popular culture==
{{Trivia|date=October 2007}}
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly notices that a metal pie dish is stamped "Frisbie's Pies". When Doc Brown is threatened by a gunman just minutes later, he spoils his aim by throwing the dish and hitting the gunman's hand.
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].
*In the ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'' episode "Who Knew?", [[Charles Winchester]] throws a frisbee at the end of the episode from two children passing it to each other. He calls it "mindless recreation." [[Maxwell Klinger]] was trying to convince him to invest in taking the idea to the [[United States]]. Earlier in the episode Klinger was trying to convince him to invest in the ''[[hula hoop]]''.
*The anime character [[Sailor Moon (character)|Sailor Moon]] uses her [[tiara]], changed into a flying disc, as a weapon.
*Disc-like [[energy weapons]] are featured in the motion picture ''[[Tron (film)|Tron]]''.

== See also ==
* [[Aerobie]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Boomerang]]
* [[Fandango (Frisbee)]]
* [[Flying disc techniques]]
* [[Genericized trademark]]

==References==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Walter Frederick Morrison|Morrison, Walter Frederic]], and Kennedy, Phil; ''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee'', Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006); ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*Stancil. E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; ''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'', Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975); ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*Norton, Gary; ''The Official Frisbee Handbook'', Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972); no ISBN
*Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; ''Frisbee Players' Handbook'', Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978); ISBN 0915516195
*Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; ''Frisbee Sports & Games'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979); ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*Tips, Charles; ''Frisbee by the Masters'', Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977); ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*Lorenz, Ralph; ''Spinning Flight: Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Copernicus, New York (September 2006); ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] – international [[sports governing body]] for flying disc games
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Official Frisbee website] by Wham-O, manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://ffindr.com/ ffindr!] the frisbee tournament portal
*[http://www.acrobaticfrisbee.com Acrobatic Frisbee Show]
*[http://www.frisbeehd.com Hard Disc Frisbee Forlì A.S.D. (frisbee freestyle and more!)]
*[[Category:Frisbee| ]]
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

{{Category:1950s fads}}

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[is:Svifdiskur]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[he:פריזבי]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Летающий диск]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[fi:Liitokiekko]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]
[[zh:飛盤 (玩具)]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2007-03-17T14:27:15Z

68.80.158.241:

[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped toys, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].

==History==

People have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' Yale College has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.

[[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer.

An interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous Stalag 13. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950 before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbees. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed (1/23/1957), Wham-O began production of more Pluto Platters. The next year, Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.

Ed Kerrn
(Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's design for the modern Frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]

==Games using flying discs==
{{main|Flying disc games}}
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
*[[Durango Boot]]
*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
*[[Hot Box]]
*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
*[[Flyer Frizbee]]

==Physics==

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==Trivia==
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company".
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].

== See also ==
* [[Disc throws]]
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Aerobie]]

==Further reading==

*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Ralph Lorenz, Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]

[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Flying disc games]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Фрисби]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2007-03-17T14:26:35Z

68.80.158.241:

[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped toys, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].

==History==

People have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' Yale College has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.

[[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer.

An interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous Stalag 13. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950 before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbees. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed (1/23/1957), Wham-O began production of more Pluto Platters. The next year, Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.

== '''''Dushon Mandick''''' ==
(Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's design for the modern Frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]

==Games using flying discs==
{{main|Flying disc games}}
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
*[[Durango Boot]]
*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
*[[Hot Box]]
*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
*[[Flyer Frizbee]]

==Physics==

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==Trivia==
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company".
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].

== See also ==
* [[Disc throws]]
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Aerobie]]

==Further reading==

*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Ralph Lorenz, Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]

[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Flying disc games]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Фрисби]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2007-03-17T14:25:06Z

68.80.158.241:

[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

Fuckheads (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped toys, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the disc, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows it to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].

==History==

People have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' Yale College has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.

[[Walter Frederick Morrison]] claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer.

An interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous Stalag 13. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended in 1950 before their product had achieved any real success.

In 1955, Morrison produced a new plastic flying disc called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbees. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed (1/23/1957), Wham-O began production of more Pluto Platters. The next year, Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.

Rich Knerr (Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the sales manager at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's design for the modern Frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]

==Games using flying discs==
{{main|Flying disc games}}
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
*[[Durango Boot]]
*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
*[[Hot Box]]
*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
*[[Flyer Frizbee]]

==Physics==

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==Trivia==
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company".
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].

== See also ==
* [[Disc throws]]
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Aerobie]]

==Further reading==

*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Ralph Lorenz, Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]

[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Flying disc games]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[ru:Фрисби]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2007-03-04T22:44:03Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped toys, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the discs, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows them to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].

==History==

People have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' Yale College has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.

[[Walter Frederick Morrison]], a Los Angeles building inspector, claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer. However, that disc was largely unsuccessful.
Morrison's father was also an inventor, who invented the automotive sealed-beam headlight. Another interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous Stalag 13. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended before their product had achieved any real success.

Morrison (after his split with Franscioni) produced a plastic Frisbie called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbies. The outer third of the Frisbie disc is called the 'Morrison Slope', listed in the patent. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a new toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed, Wham-O began production (1/13/1957) of more Pluto Platters. The next year, the original [[Frisbie Baking Company]] shut down and coincidentally Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.

Rich Knerr (Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the inventor at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's designs for the modern frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). Ed Headrick's frisbee with its band of raised ridges called the Rings of Headrick had stabilized flight as opposed to the wobbly flight of its predecessor the Pluto Platter. [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]

==Games using flying discs==
{{main|Flying disc games}}
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
*[[Durango Boot]]
*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
*[[Hot Box]]
*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
*[[Flyer Frizbee]]

==Physics==

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==Trivia==
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company", giving a fictional origin to the current use of the term.
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].

== See also ==
* [[Disc throws]]
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
* [[Chakram]]

==Further reading==

*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Ralph Lorenz, Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]

[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Flying disc games]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2007-03-04T22:43:23Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped toys, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the discs, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows them to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].

==History==

shit have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was designed in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' Yale College has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.

[[Walter Frederick Morrison]], a Los Angeles building inspector, claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer. However, that disc was largely unsuccessful.
Morrison's father was also an inventor, who invented the automotive sealed-beam headlight. Another interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous Stalag 13. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended before their product had achieved any real success.

Morrison (after his split with Franscioni) produced a plastic Frisbie called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbies. The outer third of the Frisbie disc is called the 'Morrison Slope', listed in the patent. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a new toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed, Wham-O began production (1/13/1957) of more Pluto Platters. The next year, the original [[Frisbie Baking Company]] shut down and coincidentally Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.

Rich Knerr (Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the inventor at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's designs for the modern frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). Ed Headrick's frisbee with its band of raised ridges called the Rings of Headrick had stabilized flight as opposed to the wobbly flight of its predecessor the Pluto Platter. [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]

==Games using flying discs==
{{main|Flying disc games}}
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
*[[Durango Boot]]
*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
*[[Hot Box]]
*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
*[[Flyer Frizbee]]

==Physics==

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==Trivia==
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company", giving a fictional origin to the current use of the term.
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].

== See also ==
* [[Disc throws]]
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
* [[Chakram]]

==Further reading==

*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Ralph Lorenz, Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]

[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Flying disc games]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2007-03-04T22:42:21Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped toys, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the discs, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows them to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].

==History==

people

have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was no in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' Yale College has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.

[[Walter Frederick Morrison]], a Los Angeles building inspector, claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer. However, that disc was largely unsuccessful.
Morrison's father was also an inventor, who invented the automotive sealed-beam headlight. Another interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous Stalag 13. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended before their product had achieved any real success.

Morrison (after his split with Franscioni) produced a plastic Frisbie called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbies. The outer third of the Frisbie disc is called the 'Morrison Slope', listed in the patent. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a new toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed, Wham-O began production (1/13/1957) of more Pluto Platters. The next year, the original [[Frisbie Baking Company]] shut down and coincidentally Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.

Rich Knerr (Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the inventor at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's designs for the modern frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). Ed Headrick's frisbee with its band of raised ridges called the Rings of Headrick had stabilized flight as opposed to the wobbly flight of its predecessor the Pluto Platter. [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]

==Games using flying discs==
{{main|Flying disc games}}
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
*[[Durango Boot]]
*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
*[[Hot Box]]
*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
*[[Flyer Frizbee]]

==Physics==

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==Trivia==
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company", giving a fictional origin to the current use of the term.
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].

== See also ==
* [[Disc throws]]
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
* [[Chakram]]

==Further reading==

*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Ralph Lorenz, Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]

[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Flying disc games]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

[[cs:Frisbee]]
[[da:Frisbee]]
[[de:Frisbee]]
[[es:Frisbee]]
[[eo:Flugdisko]]
[[fr:Frisbee]]
[[it:Frisbee]]
[[nl:Frisbee]]
[[ja:フライングディスク]]
[[no:Frisbee]]
[[pl:Frisbee]]
[[sk:Frisbee]]
[[sr:Frizbi]]
[[sv:Frisbee]]
[[uk:Фрісбі]]

AY Honors/Ultimate Disc/Answer Key

2007-03-04T22:40:28Z

68.80.158.241: /* History */

[[Image:frisbee-1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A [[Wham-O]] Professional Frisbee]]

{{redirect1|Frisbee|the amusement ride|[[Frisbee (ride)]]}}

'''Flying discs''' (commonly called '''Frisbees''') are disc-shaped toys, which are generally [[plastic]] and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8–10 inches) in [[diameter]], with a lip. The shape of the discs, an [[airfoil]] in cross-section, allows them to [[flight|fly]] by generating [[lift (force)|lift]] as it moves through the air while rotating. The name ''Frisbee'' is a registered [[trademark]] of the [[Wham-O]] toy company, but is often used [[genericized trademark|generically]] to describe all flying discs.

Flying discs are thrown and caught for [[recreation]], and as part of many different [[flying disc games]]. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially. [[Disc golf]] discs are usually smaller but denser and are tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. [[Disc dog]] sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dog's bite and prevent injury. Ring shaped discs, known as [[Aerobie]]s, typically fly significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are illuminated discs meant for night time play which use [[Phosphorescence|phosphorescent]] plastic, or battery powered [[light-emitting diode|light emitting diodes]].

==History==

People have been throwing cake pans, pie tins, cookie jar lids, and other such objects for centuries. The earliest known disc object to be thrown around was the [[chakram]], which was used as a weapon in [[History of India|ancient India]]. In later times, flying discs were used for recreational purposes. The [[clay target]] used in [[trapshooting]], almost identical to a flying disc in shape, was no in the 19th century. The modern day era of flying discs began with the concept of designing and selling a commercially-produced flying disc.

The Frisbie Baking Company (1871–1958) of Bridgeport, Connecticut, made pies that were sold to many New England colleges. Hungry college students soon discovered that the empty pie tins could be tossed and caught, providing endless hours of game and sport. Many colleges have claimed to be the home of 'he who was first to fling.' Yale College has even argued that in 1820, a Yale undergraduate named Elihu Frisbie grabbed a passing collection tray from the chapel and flung it out into the campus, thereby becoming the true inventor of the Frisbie and winning glory for Yale. That tale is unlikely to be true since the words 'Frisbie's Pies' was embossed in all the original pie tins and from the word 'Frisbie' was coined the common name for the toy.

[[Walter Frederick Morrison]], a Los Angeles building inspector, claims that it was a popcorn can lid that he tossed with his girlfriend (and later wife) Lu at a 1937 Thanksgiving Day gathering in Los Angeles, CA that inspired his interest in developing a commercially-produced flying disc. In 1946 he sketched out plans for a disc he called the "Whirlo-Way," which in 1948, co-developed and financed by [[Warren Franscioni]], became the very first plastic flying disc—the original Pipco Flyin-Saucer. However, that disc was largely unsuccessful.
Morrison's father was also an inventor, who invented the automotive sealed-beam headlight. Another interesting tidbit was that Morrison had just returned to America after World War II, where he had been a prisoner in the infamous Stalag 13. His partnership with Warren Franscioni, who was also a war veteran, ended before their product had achieved any real success.

Morrison (after his split with Franscioni) produced a plastic Frisbie called the Pluto Platter, to cash in on the growing popularity of UFOs with the American public. The Pluto Platter has become the basic design for all Frisbies. The outer third of the Frisbie disc is called the 'Morrison Slope', listed in the patent. [[Rich Knerr]] and A.K. 'Spud' Melin were the owners of a new toy company called 'Wham-O'. Knerr and Melin also marketed the Hula-Hoop, the Super Ball and the Water Wiggle. They pair first saw Morrison's Pluto Platter in late 1955. They liked what they saw and convinced Morrison to sell them the rights to his design. With a deal signed, Wham-O began production (1/13/1957) of more Pluto Platters. The next year, the original [[Frisbie Baking Company]] shut down and coincidentally Fred Morrison was awarded a patent (Design patent 183,626) for his flying disc. Morrison received over one million dollars in royalties for his invention.

Rich Knerr (Wham-O) was in search of a catchy new name to help increase sales. After hearing about the original use of the term "Frisbie" he gave the disks the [[trademark]]able name ''Frisbee'' (which is pronounced the same as "Frisbie"). Sales soared for the toy, due to Wham-O's clever marketing of Frisbee playing as a new sport. In 1964, the first professional model went on sale. Ed Headrick was the inventor at Wham-O who patented Wham-O's designs for the modern frisbee (U.S. patent 3,359,678). Ed Headrick's frisbee with its band of raised ridges called the Rings of Headrick had stabilized flight as opposed to the wobbly flight of its predecessor the Pluto Platter. [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa980218.htm]

==Games using flying discs==
{{main|Flying disc games}}
*[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]]
*[[Freestyle frisbee]]
*[[Disc Golf]] - the traditional game of [[Golf]] played with flying discs (frisbees) instead of clubs and balls.
*[[Durango Boot]]
*[[DDC Frisbee|Double Disc Court]]
*[[Guts frisbee|Guts Frisbee]]
*[[Flutterguts]]
*[[Friskee]]
*[[Disc dog]]
*[[Dodge Frisbee]]
*[[Goaltimate]]
*[[Schtick (Disc Game)|Schtick]]
*[[Fricket]], (sometimes called Cups, Suzy Sticks, Frisnok or Disc Cricket)
*[[Hot Box]]
*[[Fris-Nok]], the traditional Icelandic-Canadian game.
*[[Flyer Frizbee]]

==Physics==

[[Lift (force)|Lift]] is generated in primarily the same way as a traditional asymmetric [[airfoil]], that is, by accelerating upper airflow such that a pressure difference gives rise to a lifting force. Small ridges near the leading edge act as turbulators, reducing flow separation by forcing the airflow to become [[turbulent]] after it passes over the ridges.

The rotating flying disc has a vertical [[angular momentum]] vector, stabilizing its attitude  [[gyroscope|gyroscopically]]. Depending on the cross-sectional shape of the airfoil, the amount of lift generated by the front and back parts of the disc may be unequal. If the disc was not spinning, this would tend to make it [[Flight dynamics|pitch]]. When the disc is spinning, however, such a torque would cause it to [[precession|precess]] about the roll axis, causing its trajectory to curve to the left or the right. Most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable, so that this roll is self-correcting for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. However, many [[disc golf]] discs are intentionally designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to better stability, and for a given rate of spin, there is generally a range of velocities that are stable.

Even a slight deformation in a disc, called a "Taco," as extreme cases look like a [[taco shell]], can cause adverse affects when throwing long range. It can be observed by holding the disc horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly rotating the disc.

==Trivia==
*In the animated motion picture ''[[The Secret of NIMH]]'', based on the book ''[[Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH]]'', the main character's name was changed in post-production from "Frisby" to "Brisby" to avoid potential trademark infringements.
*In the film ''[[Back to the Future Part III]]'', Marty McFly throws a metal pie dish at a gunman in order to save Doc Brown's life. He notices the dish is stamped "Frisbie Pie Company", giving a fictional origin to the current use of the term.
*[[Richard Feynman]] in his book ''[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]'' suggests that watching the wobble of a plate tossed in the [[Cornell University]] cafeteria stimulated him to develop mathematics that eventually led to his Nobel prize winning work in [[quantum electrodynamics]] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301924.html].

== See also ==
* [[Disc throws]]
* [[Frisbeetarianism]]
* [[Chakram]]

==Further reading==

*''Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee®'' [[Walter Frederick Morrison]] and Phil Kennedy, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (June 2006), ISBN 978-0-9774517-4-6
*''Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise'' Stancil E.D. Johnson, M.D. Workman Publishing Company, New York (July, 1975) ISBN 978-0-911104-53-0
*''The Official Frisbee Handbook'' Goldy Norton, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July, 1972) no ISBN
*''Frisbee Players' Handbook'' Mark Danna, Dan Poynter, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978) ISBN 0915516195
*''Frisbee Sports & Games'' Charles Tips, Dan Roddick, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979) ISBN 978-0-89087-233-8
*''Frisbee by the Masters'' Charles Tips, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977) ISBN 978-0-89087-142-3
*''Spinning Flight : Dynamics of Frisbees, Boomerangs, Samaras and Skipping Stones'', Ralph Lorenz, Copernicus New York, September 2006 ISBN 978-0-387-30779-4

==External links==
*[http://www2.upa.org/index.php/ Ultimate Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in the USA
*[http://www.canadianultimate.com/ Canadian Players Association] sports governing body of Ultimate in Canada
*[http://www.freestyledisc.org Freestyle Players Association] sports governing body of Freestyle Frisbee in the world
*[http://www.wfdf.org World Flying Disc Federation] international sports governing body for all
*[http://www.frisbeedisc.com/ Wham-O Frisbee disc website] manufacturer of Frisbee brand flying discs
*[http://www.ukultimate.com/ UK Ultimate Association]

[[Category:Frisbee]]
[[Category:National Toy Hall of Fame]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Flying disc games]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

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