AY Honors/Cats - Advanced/Answer Key

2005-04-14T13:32:27Z

212.143.232.2: verb problem

[[Image:DorDor.JPG|thumb|right|Most feral kittens have little chance of surviving more than a few months and are vulnerable to starvation, predators, disease and even flea-induced anemia.]]

A '''feral cat''' is a [[cat]] who was separated from domestication, whether from being abandonened, lost, or runaway, and became wild. The term also refers to descendants of such cats, but not to [[Wild Cat]]s, whose ancestors were never domesticated. Feral cats usually cannot be re-socialized. Feral kittens, however, can be socialized to live with humans if they are taken from a feral colony before they are about twelve weeks old.

Feral cats may live alone, but are usually found in large groups called [[feral cat colony|feral colonies]] with communal nurseries, depending on resource availability. Many abandoned [[pet]] cats join these colonies out of desperation; these cats can usually be readopted into a new home. The average [[lifespan]] of a feral cat that survives beyond [[kitten]]hood is usually less than two years while a [[domestication|domestic]] housecat lives an average of sixteen years or more.

== In the United States ==
[[City]]scapes and [[North America]] are not native environments to the cat; the domestic cat comes from [[temperate]] or hot, often dry, [[climate]]s and was distributed throughout the world by [[human]]s. Although cats are somewhat adaptable, feral felines are unable to survive in extreme cold and heat, and with a need for a diet of 90% protein, few cats find adequate nutrition on their own. In addition, they have no [[defense]] or understanding of such [[predator]]s as [[dog]]s, [[coyote]]s and even [[automobile]]s.

The current thinking in the United States is that "trap, [[oophorectomy|spay]] or [[castration|neuter]], and release" is the most humane way to deal with a feral cat population estimated to be twenty to forty million. Thousands of volunteers and organizations try to help these felines, who evoke the concearn and pity of animal lovers. [[Inoculation]] against [[rabies]] and [[feline leukemia virus]] and application of long-lasting [[flea treatment|flea products]] before release is common. Sometimes, the attending [[veterinarian]] nips the tip off one [[ear]] to mark the feral as spayed/neutered and inoculated, as these cats will more than likely find themselves trapped again. Volunteers often continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives. Many would like to do more, but most fully feral cats are unadoptable.

The "trap, spay/neuter, release" program is considered the most efficent way to deal with the problem for several reasons. From the perspective of the cat, they get better quality and more food both from food provided by humans and from reduced competition for natural sources, and are protected from the most devastating diseases. From the human perspective, the problem is gradually eliminated because the cats cannot reproduce. Behavior and nuisance problems due to competition for food and mating activities are immediately reduced.

Re-release is an essential part of the program because cats are territorial. If the feral colony is extinguished, other feral cats will move in to replace them and the problem continues. If the colony is re-released, they will guard their territory and prevent other colonies from moving into the area.

There is no doubt feral cats harm other species. While control of rats, mice, and other rodents is a cat activity humans support, feral cats kill songbirds and other birds. Some estimate the bird loss at over 200,000,000 a year. And as an introduced (nonnative) species, feral cats compete with raptors and other species for food, disrupting the natural balance. Some people have suggested feral cats should be hunted to immediately reduce the feral cat problem. [http://www.madison.com/wsj/home/local/index.php?ntid=31029&ntpid=3]

[[October 16]] is National Feral Cat Day in the United States.

== In Australia ==
Feral cats have been present in [[Australia]] since [[European]] settlement, and may have arrived with [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[shipwreck]]s in the [[17th century]]. Intentional releases were made in the late [[19th century]] in the hope that cats would control mice, rabbits and rats.

The feral cat has been an ecological disaster in Australia, inhabiting most ecosystems except dense [[rainforest]], and being implicated in the [[extinction]] of several [[marsupial]] and [[placental]] mammal [[species]]. (Cats are not believed to have been a factor in the extinction of the only mainland [[bird]] species to be lost since European settlement, the [[Paradise Parrot]]; their role in the loss of rare species on [[Australasia]]n islands, however, has been significant.)

Control programs are difficult to devise due to the nocturnal and solitary nature of the cat, broad distribution in the landscape and continuous additions to the population from abandoned domestic cats. Due to the danger posed to human handling the animal, captured feral cats are almost always terminated. No program for spaying and neutering, akin to that in the United States exists in Australia.

== In Rome ==

[[Rome]], [[Italy]] is perhaps the place with most feral cats, the total number being estimated between 250,000 and 350,000, organized in about 2,000 colonies, some of them living in famous ancient places such as the [[Colosseum]].

==Feral cats and island restoration==
Feral cats [[introduced species|introduced]] to islands with ecologically naive fauna (that is species that have not evolved or have lost predator responses to deal with cats) have had a devastating impact on these islands [[biodiversity]]. They have been implicated in the extinction of several species and local extinctions, such as the [[huita]]s from the [[Caribbean]] and the [[Guadalupe Storm-petrel]] from [[Pacific]] [[Mexico]], and described "no other alien predator has had such a universally damaging effect" (Moors & Atkinson, [[1984]]) . Given the damage they do many conservationists working in the field of island restoration (literally restoring damaged islands through removal of introduced species and replanting and reintroducing native species)have worked to remove feral cats. As of [[2004]] 48 islands have had their feral cat populations removed, including [[New Zealand]]'s network of offshore island bird reserves (Nogales ''et al'', [[2004]]). Larger projects are also being planned, including their removal from [[Ascension Island]].

Feral cats, along with rabbits and some sea birds, are the entire animal population of the remote [[Kerguelen Islands]] in the southern [[Indian Ocean]].

== Activism ==

Unlike [[novelty pet]]s which are often discarded upon reaching adulthood, most feral cats are discarded as kittens. This is because cats breed rapidly and have large litters, and often their owners do not have the capacity or desire to care for a large number of cats.

Feral cats live in horrible conditions, living short, dangerous, unhealthy, desperate lives. Like any uninoculated mammal species, there is a risk they will develop [[rabies]] and pose a threat to human health.

Because of the dangers to humans, other species, and the cats themselves, and out of compassion toward the animals, many people, including [[celebrity|celebrities]] such as [[Bob Barker]], campaign to encourage people to spay and neuter their pets and support the humane control of feral cats.

==References==
*Moors, P.J., & Atkinson I.A.E ([[1984]]) ''Predation on seabirds by introduced animals, and factors affecting its severity'' in Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds, ICBP, Cambridge; ISBN 0-946888-03-5
*Nogales, Manuel ''et al'' ([[2004]]) [http://www.issg.org/database/species/reference_files/felcat/Nogales%20et%20al.%202004.pdf ''A review of feral cat eradication on islands''], Conservation Biology '''18'''(2), Pp 310-319

== External links ==
* Australian Department of Environment and Heritage [http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/cat/index.html fact sheet on feral cats]
* Australian Department of Environment and Heritage: [http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/cat-impacts/pubs/impacts-feral-cats.pdf Overview of the impact of feral cats on native fauna] (pdf)
* Wisconsin State Journal: [http://www.madison.com/wsj/home/local/index.php?ntid=31029&ntpid=3 Proposal would make feral cats fair game]
* Ascension Island Government: [http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/restoration.htm Ascension Island Restoration]
* lovethatcat.com: [http://www.lovethatcat.com/spayneuter.html List of US spay & neuter programs]
* [http://www.alleycat.org Alley Cat Allies] (Pro cat lobby group)
* Alley Cat Allies: [http://www.alleycat.org/predation.html Understanding Cats and Predation]

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AY Honors/Cats - Advanced/Answer Key